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        • ABMA 2011 >
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      • International Elasmobranch Husbandry Symposium (IEHS) >
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      • Aquality >
        • Aquality 2014 >
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      • Aquatic Animal Life Support Operators (AALSO) >
        • AALSO 2015 >
          • AALSO 2015 Host Facility Spotlights Abstracts
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        • AALSO 2016 >
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        • AALSO 2017 >
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        • AALSO 2019 >
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      • International Aquarium Congress (IAC) >
        • IAC 2016 >
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      • International Seadragon Husbandry Symposium (ISHS) >
        • ISHS 2016 >
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        • ISHS 2018 >
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      • National Wildlife Rehabilitators Association (NWRA) >
        • NWRA 2018 >
          • NWRA 2018 Keynote Abstract
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        • NWRA 2019 >
          • NWRA 2019 Keynote Abstract
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        • NWRA 2020 >
          • NWRA 2020 Plenary Session Abstracts
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        • NWRA 2021 >
          • NWRA 2021 Avian Abstracts
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          • NWRA 2021 Standards Panel Abstract
      • Sea Otter Conservation Workshop >
        • Sea Otter Conservation Workshop 2019 Abstracts >
          • Sea Otter 2019 Population Status Abstracts
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      • Cephalopod Symposium >
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      • ​Global Online Animal Training Summit (GOATS) Abstracts >
        • GOATS 2021 Presentations
      • Effects of Oil on Wildlife (EOW) Abstracts >
        • Effects of Oil on Wildlife (EOW) 2022 Abstracts >
          • EOW 2022 Plenary Abstracts
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    • The Animal Behavior Management Alliance (ABMA) >
      • ABMA 2011 >
        • ABMA 2011 Pre-Conference >
          • ABMA 2011 Avalanche Rescue Dog
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        • ABMA 2012 Keynote >
          • ABMA 2012 Keynote Hal Markowitz
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          • ABMA 2012 Measuring Enrichment Efficacy
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      • ABMA 2013 >
        • ABMA 2013 Keynote >
          • ABMA 2013 Keynote Dr. Ian Sterling
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      • ABMA 2015 >
        • ABMA 2015 Keynote >
          • ABMA 2015 Keynote Ken Ramirez
        • ABMA 2015 Papers >
          • ABMA 2015 Papers Tuesday
          • ABMA 2015 Papers Thursday
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        • ABMA 2015 Extended Presentations >
          • ABMA 2015 Special Presentations
      • ABMA 2016 >
        • ABMA 2016 Papers >
          • ABMA 2016 Papers Monday
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        • ABMA 2016 Extended Presentations >
          • ABMA 2016 Special Presentations
      • ABMA 2017 >
        • ABMA 2017 Keynote >
          • ABMA 2017 Keynote Megan Parker
        • ABMA 2017 Papers >
          • ABMA 2017 Papers Monday
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          • ABMA 2017 Papers Friday
        • ABMA 2017 Workshops >
          • ABMA 2017 Enrichment Workshop
          • ABMA 2017 Shape of Enrichment
      • ABMA 2018 >
        • ABMA 2018 Keynotes >
          • ABMA 2018 Keynotes Gary Wilson and Thad Lacinak
        • ABMA 2018 Papers >
          • ABMA 2018 Papers Monday
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        • ABMA 2018 Workshops >
          • ABMA 2018 Research and Evaluation Workshop
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          • ABMA 2018 Special Presentations and Advanced Training
      • ABMA 2019 >
        • ABMA 2019 Keynote >
          • ABMA 2019 Keynote Kate Webb
        • ABMA 2019 Papers >
          • ABMA 2019 Monday Papers
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        • ABMA 2019 Workshops >
          • ABMA 2019 Research and Evaluation Workshop
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          • ABMA 2019 Special Presentations and Advanced Training
        • ABMA 2019 Panel Discussion >
          • ABMA 2019 Panel Discussion - Hot Topics
      • ABMA 2021 >
        • ABMA 2021 Thursday
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        • ABMA 2021 Saturday
      • ABMA 2022 >
        • ABMA 2022 Tuesday
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      • IMATA ABMA 2023 >
        • IMATA ABMA 2023 Papers >
          • IMATA ABMA 2023 Monday Formal Presentations
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    • International Conference on Environmental Enrichment (ICEE) >
      • ICEE 2011 >
        • ICEE 2011 Keynote >
          • ICEE 2011 Keynote Dr. Joy Mench
        • ICEE 2011 Invited Workshop >
          • ICEE 2011 Invited Workshop Dr. Cheryl Meehan
        • ICEE 2011 Talks >
          • ICEE 2011 Talks Invited
          • ICEE 2011 Talks General Session 1
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          • ICEE 2011 Talks General Session 3
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          • ICEE 2011 Talks General Session 7
          • ICEE 2011 Talks General Session 8
          • ICEE 2011 Talks General Session 9
          • ICEE 2011 Talks General Session 10
        • ICEE 2011 Symposia >
          • ICEE 2011 Symposia Personality and Behavioral Husbandry
          • ICEE 2011 Symposia Building enriched environments through design collaboration
    • Regional Aquatics Workshop (RAW) >
      • RAW 2012 >
        • RAW 2012 Presentations >
          • RAW 2012 Training
          • RAW 2012 Water Quality and Filtration
          • RAW 2012 Propagation
          • RAW 2012 Freshwater
          • RAW 2012 Aquarium and Population Management
          • RAW 2012 Crustacean Health
          • RAW 2012 Elasmobranchs
          • RAW 2012 Collection, Transport, and Acclimation
          • RAW 2012 Conservation
          • RAW 2012 Exhibits and Animal Health
      • RAW 2013 >
        • RAW 2013 Presentations >
          • RAW 2013 Conservation
          • RAW 2013 Animal Management and Training
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      • RAW 2014 >
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          • RAW 2014 Tuesday
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      • RAW 2015 >
        • RAW 2015 Presentations >
          • RAW 2015 New Projects and Exhibits
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          • RAW 2015 Husbandry
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          • RAW 2015 LSS and WQ
          • RAW 2015 Animal Health
          • RAW 2015 Conservation & Research
          • RAW 2015 The End!
      • RAW 2016 >
        • RAW 2016 Presentations >
          • RAW 2016 Sharks / Sand Tiger Shark Round Table
          • RAW 2016 Husbandry
          • RAW 2016 Conservation and Propagation
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          • RAW 2016 LSS and Quarantine
          • RAW 2016 Exhibit Design and Lighting
          • RAW 2016 Training and Enrichment
      • RAW 2017 >
        • RAW 2017 Presentations >
          • RAW 2017 Research and Conservation
          • RAW 2017 Culturing
          • RAW 2017 Husbandry
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          • RAW 2017 Medical
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      • RAW 2018 >
        • RAW 2018 Presentations >
          • RAW 2018 Coral Conservation & Partnerships
          • RAW 2018 Shark Conservation & Partnerships Abstracts
          • RAW 2018 Conservation & Partnerships
          • RAW 2018 Conservation & Partnerships Panel Discussion
          • RAW 2018 Guest Programs
          • RAW 2018 Workforce Development
          • RAW 2018 Animal Behavior
          • RAW 2018 Veterinary Care, Nutrition & Animal Handling
          • RAW 2018 Life Support & Water Quality
      • RAW 2019 >
        • RAW 2019 Presentations >
          • RAW 2019 Opening Presentations
          • RAW 2019 Freshwater Mussel
          • RAW 2019 Advances in Invertebrate Husbandry
          • RAW 2019 Advances in Marine Fish Husbandry
          • RAW 2019 Elasmobranch
          • RAW 2019 Collection Sustainability
          • RAW 2019 Coral Culture
          • RAW 2019 LSS & Exhibitry
          • RAW 2019 Animal Welfare
          • RAW 2019 Animal Health
        • RAW 2019 Discussions >
          • RAW 2019 Aquatic Animal Welfare Discussion
        • RAW 2019 TAG Meetings >
          • RAW 2019 Taxon Advisory Groups (TAG)
      • RAW 2022 >
        • RAW 2022 Health Management
        • RAW 2022 Husbandry Techniques
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        • RAW 2022 Diversity, Equity, Access and Inclusivity
        • RAW 2022 Corals
        • RAW 2022 Conservation
        • RAW 2022 Morning Buzz
        • RAW 2022 Husbandry Techniques 2
        • RAW 2022 Sustainable Collections
      • RAW 2023 >
        • RAW 2023 Animal Welfare / Wellbeing & Welfare / Wellbeing Assessment
        • RAW 2023 Husbandry Techniques 1
        • RAW 2023 Freshwater Mussels
        • RAW 2023 Coral Reef Conservation
        • RAW 2023 Rescues/ Broodstock Management/Genebanking
        • RAW 2023 Land-based Nurseries and Sexual Propagation
        • RAW 2023 Conservation
        • RAW 2023 Conservation 2
        • RAW 2023 MORNING BUZZ
        • RAW 2023 Sustainable Collections
        • RAW 2023 Life Support / Knowledge Retention
        • RAW 2023 Husbandry Techniques 2
    • International Elasmobranch Husbandry Symposium (IEHS) >
      • IEHS 2013 >
        • IEHS 2013 Sustainability
        • IEHS 2013 Health
        • IEHS 2013 Husbandry
        • IEHS 2013 Husbandry II
    • Aquality >
      • Aquality II 2014 >
        • Aquality II 2014 Presentations >
          • Aquality II 2014 Supply and Pre-Treatment
          • Aquality II 2014 Chemical and Ultraviolet
          • Aquality II 2014 Ozone and Fractionation
          • Aquality II 2014 Mechanical Filtration
          • Aquality II 2014 Biological Filtration
          • Aquality II 2014 Marine Mammals and Friends
          • Aquality II 2014 Nutrient Control
          • Aquality II 2014 Denitrification
          • Aquality II 2014 Corals and Jellies LSS
          • Aquality II 2014 Microbiology in LSS
          • Aquality II 2014 Quantification
          • Aquality II 2014 Troubleshooting
    • Aquatic Animal Life Support Operators (AALSO) >
      • AALSO 2015 >
        • AALSO 2015 Host Facility Spotlights
        • AALSO 2015 Short Facility Updates
        • AALSO 2015 Water Quality & Chemistry
        • AALSO 2015 Sponsored Facility Updates
        • AALSO 2015 Symposium Theme
        • AALSO 2015 Dirty Laundry
      • AALSO 2016 >
        • AALSO 2016 Dirty Laundry
        • AALSO 2016 Water Quality/Chemistry
        • AALSO 2016 Symposium Theme - Species Specific
        • AALSO 2016 Dive Operations & Green Initiatives
      • AALSO 2017 >
        • AALSO 2017 Monday
        • AALSO 2017 Tuesday
        • AALSO 2017 Wednesday
      • AALSO 2018 >
        • AALSO 2018 Papers Monday
        • AALSO 2018 Papers Tuesday
        • AALSO 2018 Papers Wednesday
      • AALSO 2019 >
        • AALSO 2019 Dirty Laundry
        • AALSO 2019 Water Quality & Chemistry
        • AALSO 2019 Program Management Series
        • AALSO 2019 New Innovations Series
        • AALSO 2019 Making It Work Series
      • AALSO 2021 >
        • AALSO 2021 New Innovations Series
        • AALSO 2021 Water Quality & Chemistry
        • AALSO 2021 Dirty Laundry
        • AALSO 2021 Program Management Series
        • AALSO 2021 Greening Up LSS
      • AALSO 2022 >
        • AALSO 2022 New Innovations Series
        • AALSO 2022 Making It Work
        • AALSO 2022 Water Quality & Chemistry
        • AALSO 2022 Program Management Series
      • AALSO 2023 >
        • AALSO 2023 Dirty Laundry
        • AALSO 2023 Water Quality
        • AALSO 2023 Making It Work
        • AALSO 2023 LSS & Exhibits
    • International Aquarium Congress (IAC) >
      • IAC 2016 >
        • IAC 2016 Keynotes
        • IAC 2016 Fish Husbandry
        • IAC 2016 TAXA Champions
        • IAC 2016 Elasmonbranch Conservation
        • IAC 2016 Mammal and Turtle Conservation
        • IAC 2016 Aquatic Diseases
        • IAC 2016 Coral Conservation
        • IAC 2016 Life Support Operations
        • IAC 2016 Field Conservation
        • IAC 2016 Fish Conservation and Propagation
        • IAC 2016 New Aquariums and Exhibits
        • IAC 2016 Sustainable Seafood Movement
        • IAC 2016 Conservation Education
        • IAC 2016 Traveling and Temporary Exhibits
        • IAC 2016 Business Operations
        • IAC 2016 Aquarium Education
        • IAC 2016 Public Outreach
        • IAC 2016 Conservation Outreach
    • International Seadragon Husbandry Symposium (ISHS) >
      • ISHS 2016 >
        • ISHS 2016 Tuesday
        • ISHS 2016 Wednesday
      • ISHS 2018 >
        • ISHS 2018 Tuesday Presentations
        • ISHS 2018 Wednesday Presentations
    • National Wildlife Rehabilitators Association (NWRA) >
      • NWRA Education Tracks >
        • Avian Basics Track
        • Basics of Wildlife Rehabilitation 1 Track
        • Mammal Basics Track
        • Reptile Basics Track
      • NWRA 2018 >
        • NWRA 2018 Keynote
        • NWRA 2018 Workshop Lecture
        • NWRA 2018 Administration
        • NWRA 2018 Urban Wildlife Conflict
        • NWRA 2018 Education
        • NWRA 2018 Assorted Topics
        • NWRA 2018 Release & Survival
      • NWRA 2019 >
        • NWRA 2019 Keynote
        • NWRA 2019 Setting Limits
        • NWRA 2019 Animal Welfare Plenary
        • NWRA 2019 Working Together
        • NWRA 2019 Avian Veterinary Topics
        • NWRA 2019 Workshop Lectures
        • NWRA 2019 Volunteers
        • NWRA 2019 Reptiles
        • NWRA 2019 Disease
        • NWRA 2019 Reuniting
        • NWRA 2019 Post-release
        • NWRA 2019 Avian
        • NWRA 2019 Education
        • NWRA 2019 Training Ambassadors
        • NWRA 2019 Mammals I
        • NWRA 2019 Diets & Nutrition
        • NWRA 2019 Avian Radiographs 101
      • NWRA 2020 >
        • NWRA 2020 Plenary Session
        • NWRA 2020 Avain 1
        • NWRA 2020 Mammals 1
        • NWRA 2020 Data
        • NWRA 2020 Rehabilitators and Zoos Roundtable
        • NWRA 2020 Herptiles
        • NWRA 2020 General
        • NWRA 2020 Veterinary
        • NWRA 2020 Waterbird
        • NWRA 2020 Medications
        • NWRA 2020 Oiled Wildlife & Disaster Response I
        • NWRA 2020 Toxicity
        • NWRA 2020 Education & Outreach
      • NWRA 2021 >
        • NWRA 2021 Avian
        • NWRA 2021 Herptiles
        • NWRA 2021 Mammals
        • NWRA 2021 Biosecurity
        • NWRA 2021 General Rehabilitation
        • NWRA 2021 Outreach
        • NWRA 2021 Wildlife Medicine
        • NWRA 2021 Veterinary
        • NWRA 2021 Standards Panel
      • NWRA 2022 >
        • NWRA 2022 Avian Care & Husbandry
        • NWRA 2022 Mammal Care & Husbandry
        • NWRA 2022 Parasite & Pathogens
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ABMA 2012

Wednesday Abstracts

ZOO KEEPER TO LAB RAT: IMPROVING LABORATORY ANIMAL WELFARE THROUGH LESSONS LEARNED IN THE ZOO WORLD

Angelika
Rehrig,University of Rochester



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Zoological and research institutions vary widely in their purpose, yet animal welfare is vital to both. The zoo world has been a leader in animal management by striving to meet both the physical and psychological needs of its captive populations. By providing naturalistic enclosures and abundant environmental enrichment, zoo species often engage in species appropriate behaviors essential to well-being. Working as a zoo keeper for 12 years allowed me to understand the zoo mentality. However, as an animal behaviorist in a research institution, it has been challenging bringing these values into the controlled environment of the laboratory animal world. From rodents to primates, offering activities that promote psychological well-being, giving them a degree of choice and control and reducing stress are crucial to both the animals’ health and the validity of the research. The difficulty arose in trying to find ways to enrich the animals while working within the constraints of the science. Whether the solution lie in more complex environments, offering novel items to manipulate or ingest or positive reinforcement training to engage the mind, the laboratory field is pushing ahead with a focus on the mental health of its various species. By sharing the improvements I have seen and been a part of, my ultimate goal is to bridge the two worlds in an effort to improve animal welfare across the board.

​REFINING BEHAVIOR-ANALYTIC ORE: FROM PRINCIPLES TO PRACTICE

Ben Witts, Daniel Reimer,
University of Nevada, Reno



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The science of behavior has greatly enhanced the ability of animal managers to effectively interact and care for the animals they are responsible for.  Since their advent, operant (Skinner, 1938; Thorndike, 1898) and classical conditioning (Pavlov, 1927) have played large roles in the training and management of animal behavior.  The principles of reinforcement that were developed in the university laboratory have been expertly applied in many different settings, enhancing the passion and assiduousness of animal caretakers by providing them with thoroughly researched, scientific tools (Pryor, 1989; Ramirez, 1999).  However, animal management has yet to exhaust this valuable resource.  An entire field of behavior science, dedicated to the experimental analysis of behavior, is continuously studying classical and operant conditioning and their effects on animal behavior, developing principles that can be invaluable to caretakers and trainers.  The results are a proverbial gold mine!  The purpose of this presentation is to highlight basic principles that behavior scientists have discovered which could further contribute to the care and management of animals and suggest ways that behavior analysts and animal managers can collaborate for mutual benefit.   

References:
Pavlov, I. P. (1927). Conditioned reflexes. New York: Dover.
Pryor, K. (1984). Don’t shoot the dog. New York: Bantam Books.
Ramirez, K. (1999). Animal training: Successful animal management through positive reinforcement. Chicago: Shedd Aquarium.
Skinner, B. F. (1938). The behavior of organisms. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.  
Thorndike, E.L. (1898). Animal intelligence: An experimental study of the associative processes in animals. Psychological Review Monograph Supplement, 2, (Whole No. 8)​
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STARTING A BEHAVIORAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM FOR NORTH AMERICAN RIVER OTTER (LONTRA CANADENSIS) PUPS

Andrea Dougall,
Oakland Zoo


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In February 2011, the Oakland Zoo welcomed the birth of 1.1 pups to their existing group of 2.1 North American River Otter (Lontra canadensis).  Months of planning went into creating a plan for the physical care and management of the dam and pups and although we were unsure of what path to take with their behavioral management, we knew that in order for them to have successful lives in captivity their training needed to start as early as possible.  At 12 weeks, our first priority became clear.  The pups received their second injections in a series of three vaccinations.  At 3 months old and less than 5 lbs. they squirmed, they wiggled, they bit, and they presented a very big restraint challenge for the zoo’s experienced veterinary technician. After this experience it was evident that cooperative injection training was going to be essential for the next set of vaccines, scheduled a mere four weeks later.  Keepers worked with them twice a day for the next four weeks and both pups received a total of 5 vaccines cooperatively in the following month.  But once we were over that big hurdle, what was next?  In the following months, we went through many ups and downs but we continued to grow and refine our program; what we learned along the way will help us develop a plan to train future litters in a more organized and consistent fashion, resulting in happier, healthier otters (and keepers).
​

​
HERDING IN A NEW DIRECTION


Anita Yeattes and Stephanie Peters,
​Busch Gardens Williamsburg


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The Highland Stables, located at the heart of Busch Gardens, Williamsburg, features an animal attraction that mimics a traditional Scottish farm. The attraction includes Clydesdale horses, Scottish black face sheep and Border Collies to tend the flock. While offering guests an age old view of sheep dogs at work, the training methods used here are far from traditional. The Goal was to have sheep that will be friendly enough to engage with the public while walking calmly through the streets of the park, yet still appear to show instinctual flocking drive to participate in herding demonstrations with the sheep dogs. Traditionally border collies are trained using positive punishment and negative reinforcement techniques. Sheep are trained to be afraid of dogs and people using negative reinforcement, fear-based techniques. So to offer guests a glimpse of “traditional” sheep herding while training Border Collies using positive reinforcement to herd sheep that are friendly and lacking fear or flocking instinct presented several challenges. 
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GROMMETS AND ZIP-TIES: A MEERKAT TAIL OF SURVIVAL

Jenn Donovan and Natalie Davis,
​Point Defiance Zoo and Aquarium


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In spring 2009, a litter of 1.1 kits was born to the matriarch of our Slender-tailed meerkats. The female kit was observed suckling her tail from two weeks of age. Observations suggested that she used her tail as comfort during times of hunger when her mother was absent. The behavior continued and intensified. By fall 2010, her obsessive-compulsive behavior resulted in raw spots, bleeding, and eventually exposed vertebrae. In winter 2010, she began drug therapy in an attempt to reduce the desire to suckle her tail tip. This began a series of drug trials, catch-ups, manual restraint, veterinary procedures and multiple vertebral amputations over an eight month period. Throughout the process, keepers were resistant to a plan based solely on drugs—we wanted to extinguish the self-mutilation with behavioral management and we had to get creative.
Frustrated keepers began brainstorming out-of-the-box ideas to stop the behavior and save a meerkat from potential euthanasia. Knowing each individual and the gang as a whole were tolerant of change, we felt we had room to think creatively. "Eureka!" we had a crazy idea. Grommets, zip-ties, MacGyver and test tubes came to mind: a tail-cover attached to a fashionable meerkat harness that would prevent continued self-mutilation. Keepers planned, manufactured, and then implemented the design during one of the medical procedures. With modifications to the drug therapy and fine-tuning of the design, eventually our harness resulted in extinguishing the behavior and a healthy, well-adjusted, drug-free, "stubby"-slender-tailed meerkat who helped raise her younger brother.

“BALANCE INDEX” FOR GROUP BEHAVIORS – A MATHEMATICAL WAY FOR FINDING “WHERE IS THE TROUBLE”

Franťišek Šusta, Katarína Kamasová,
​Klára Vodičková,
Prague Zoo, Czech Republic, Europe


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When training gregarious zoo-animals, the effort of every individual is influenced by relationships inside that group.  Objective interpretation of these scenarios impacts our training success.  
In Prague Zoo one trainer presents a group of 8-11 trained Ring-Tailed Lemurs in a show. The hierarchical structure of this group is dynamic, and their relationships directly influence success of each animal.  To enable us to assess, as objectively as possible, what is going on the group, and hence continue to set them up to succeed, we have devised a rating system that can be mathematically formulated.  
Each behavior in the show is rated by “index of balance” (IB), which we calculate from the following variables:
1) K - Does animal KNOW the behavior?
2) R - Expected REWARD 
3) PA - Potential “to be ASSAULTED”. 
4) D - DIFFICULTY (also accessibility of resources). 
The IB expresses the probability in percentage for potential success.  We start the show with one special behavior out of visitor´s sight, and rate it using K, R. PA and D of each animal. This provides us with information what conditions to improve to assure success of actual show.  
This paper will outline how we do this, and detail all aspects of this process.  
Changing the viewpoint from the individual to the group and mathematical explication enables us to identify hidden motivation when training other species, like sea lions, horses, deer and others.
​

SIT, STAY, ROUSE: A GUIDE TO CLICKER TRAINING YOUR BALD EAGLE

Theresa Rounds, Mandy McGuire,
​Oregon Zoo Wild Life Live Show Staff




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The Oregon Zoo has entertained and educated audiences with a free-flight bird show for more than 25 years. Many of the animals used for these presentations are wild, non-releasable native raptors. When working with these birds, it is of particular importance to take into account each animal’s injury and history. This understanding was especially useful after the acquisition of a male bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) in May 2010. The bald eagle came to the Oregon Zoo with a permanently damaged right eye and an injury to his right wrist.  All of the birds in the show program are free-lofted, but this particular bald eagle was not adjusting to these conditions. Our standard positive-reinforcement techniques resulted in limited success with basic husbandry procedures. He exhibited an extreme flight response to most stimuli and was eventually tethered for his safety. This was frustrating for the handlers and we were anxious to get him off the tether quickly. Although not conventionally used to train raptors, we established a plan centered on clicker training for both husbandry and education behaviors, and the results have been astounding. This paper discusses the approach we took in training our adult bald eagle to voluntarily participate in daily husbandry activities and conservation education presentations. We will discuss the conventional training methods that were used, the problems we initially encountered and the positive results we experienced through clicker training...
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​ENRICHMENT THROUGH HUMAN INTERACTION: AN OVERLOOKED  STRATEGY FOR PROMOTING WELFARE
IN CAPTIVE CANIDS


Lindsay R Mehrkam,
​University of Florida


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The benefits of environmental enrichment for zoo and laboratory mammals are well-documented in the scientific literature. However, many private sanctuaries that provide adequate care for exotic wildlife are unable to find the necessary resources to implement and evaluate enrichment strategies. One possible solution is to provide socialized animals with positive interaction sessions with experienced volunteers. Unlike positive reinforcement training, the potential for human interaction alone to be enriching and thus promote the welfare of captive animals remains virtually unexplored. What little research has been done is greatly restricted in terms of the range of species studied, and even within species, the results of these studies are inconsistent and rarely report data on the behavioral effects of human contact for individual animals. The present study aimed to evaluate whether human interaction was enriching for socially-housed wolves, wolf-dog hybrids, and coyotes at four sanctuaries. A reversal design was used to determine the efficacy of human interaction for promoting species-typical social behaviors and activity levels, and for decreasing pacing and abnormal behaviors. Behavioral observations were videorecorded and analyzed across time for each subject. Results suggest significantly higher rates of affiliative behaviors and activity levels, as well as concurrently lower rates of pacing, as a result of volunteer interaction sessions. Conspecific social interactions, including social play, also dramatically increased when a caregiver was present compared to baselines. These findings demonstrate that human interaction can be a potent and practical enrichment strategy to implement in facilities with socialized canids and properly trained volunteers.
​

​​FROM FEAR TO FRIEND:
BUILDING TRUST BETWEEN KEEPER
AND ANIMAL THROUGH TRAINING


Eunice Hui, Molly Feldman,
CuriOdyssey


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Aggression.  Fear.  Distrust.  These are not the qualities keepers like to see in the animals for which they care; nor are they the qualities that make captive animal management easy.  So when it was decided in the summer of 2009 that Mina, a North American badger (Taxidea taxus), would be started on a training program, this is what we were dealing with.  After four years as a resident of CuriOdyssey (formerly “Coyote Point Museum”), she still showed an extreme lack of habituation which was expressed through a series of aggressive behaviors: hissing, grunting, and shaking when the keepers entered the service area, hiding in her den both on exhibit and in her night quarters, quickly running outside in the morning, and sometimes refusing to come in at night.  Needless to say, it was evident that something had to change.  Given the many benefits of operant conditioning, a formal training plan was written for Mina with the following goals in mind: 1) Target training, 2) Desensitization to two trainers in the room, 3) Crate Training and 4) Injection training.  But how do you train an animal that lacks the two most basic requirements for success: a willingness to approach a human being and a motivation to work, even for food?  The answer, we discovered, is slowly, patiently, and to never underestimate what is possible when you give your time to even the most uncooperative of animals.
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THE THREE DAY RULE: IMPLICATIONS OF A SPECIALIZED TRAINING PLAN FOR A NAÏVE NORTH AMERICAN BARN OWL

Lauren Baard & Megan Glosson,
SeaWorld Parks & Entertainment
​Busch Gardens Williamsburg


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To create a more dynamic presentation, a naïve North American Barn Owl (Tyto alba pratincola), “Cupid”, was selected to learn a circle flight over the heads of the audience. We attempted to back-chain the component flights of the behavior. Challenges arose when Cupid began turning at inaccurate locations. His failure rate made differential reinforcement of correct behavior unproductive and allowing him to continue the chain after an incorrect turn seemed to be self-reinforcing. These training complications were exacerbated when flying through an audience.  Upon recognizing these specific challenges, we began re-training the flight using a modified plan that included distinct visual markers, improved control of reinforcement opportunities, and the targeted cooperation of an audience. We also allowed for prolonged rehearsal of each approximation, a minimum of three successful days, a strategy referred to by the team as “the three day rule”. Subsequently, Cupid’s success rate improved steadily until he was performing the complete behavior in presentations. Although the team has had success training chained behaviors with a variety of animals including Gray Wolves, foxes, and other raptors, applying similar training protocols to chain the Barn Owl flight resulted in limited success. Consideration of Cupid’s individual limitations and the natural history of the species allowed for a plan better suited to his capabilities. Such insight, particularly when attempting to train unique or challenging behaviors, is critical to identifying avenues for success. By recognizing the importance of flexibility and individualization when implementing a training plan, previously unreachable complex behavioral goals become attainable.
​

GET YOUR GOAT- GOAT TRAINING AT THE OAKLAND ZOO

Elizabeth Abram,
​Oakland Zoo
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Oakland Zoos Valley Children’s Zoo Contact Yard holds 9 domestic goats (Capra hircus); 5 Pygmy, 4 Nubian and 1 Boer.  A training program consisting of various husbandry and veterinary behaviors which facilitate their day to day care has been developed.  Behaviors include cooperative hoof trims, standing on scale, and cooperative crating.  Individual behaviors for specific animals were created when necessary and include physical therapy for limb irregularity as well as milking of infected udders due to false pregnancy. Completely unrelated to their daily care- though just as important- is training on an agility course.  The agility course is comprised of several dog agility obstacles along with many handmade items.  The goats benefit from the agility program which combines training, enrichment and physical exercise.  This paper will examine the varied benefits of the Oakland Zoos goat training program and illustrate its value as a training tool used to assist new trainers hone their training skills.
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