AnimalProfessional.com
  • Home
  • Free Content
    • Morale Boosters
    • NextGEM >
      • NextGEM 2018 Presentations
    • Disaster Preparedness
    • Lake Victoria Videos and eBooks
    • IMLS - Zoo Elephant Welfare Study Findings
    • Conference Abstracts >
      • The Animal Behavior Management Alliance (ABMA) >
        • ABMA 2011 >
          • ABMA 2011 Avalanche Rescue Dog
          • ABMA 2011 Keynote Dr. Mellen Abstract
          • ABMA 2011 Monday Abstracts
          • ABMA 2011 Tuesday Abstracts
          • ABMA 2011 Thursday Abstracts
          • ABMA 2011 Workshops Abstracts
        • ABMA 2012 >
          • ABMA 2012 Keynote Hal Markowitz Abstract
          • ABMA 2012 Monday Abstracts
          • ABMA 2012 Wednesday Abstrats
          • ABMA 2012 Friday Abstracts
          • ABMA 2012 Measuring Enrichment Efficacy Abstract
          • ABMA 2012 Training Safety Workshop Abstract
          • ABMA 2012 Special Presentation Abstract
        • ABMA 2013 >
          • ABMA 2013 Keynote Dr. Ian Sterling Abstract
          • ABMA 2013 Monday Abstracts
          • ABMA 2013 Wednesday Abstracts
          • ABMA 2013 Friday Abstracts
          • ABMA 2013 Special Presentations Abstracts
          • ABMA 2013 Research and Evaluation Workshop Abstract
        • ABMA 2014 >
          • ABMA 2014 Monday Abstracts
          • ABMA 2014 Wednesday Abstracts
          • ABMA 2014 Thursday Abstracts
          • ABMA 2014 Friday Abstracts
        • ABMA 2015 >
          • ABMA 2015 Keynote Ken Ramirez Abstract
          • ABMA 2015 Abstracts Tuesday
          • ABMA 2015 Abstracts Thursday
          • ABMA 2015 Abstracts Saturday
          • ABMA 2015 Special Presentations Abstracts
        • ABMA 2016 >
          • ABMA 2016 Abstracts Monday
          • ABMA 2016 Abstracts Wednesday
          • ABMA 2016 Abstracts Friday
          • ABMA 2016 Special Presentations Abstracts
        • ABMA 2017 >
          • ABMA 2017 Keynote Megan Parker Abstract
          • ABMA 2017 Abstracts Monday
          • ABMA 2017 Abstracts Wednesday
          • ABMA 2017 Abstracts Friday
          • ABMA 2017 Enrichment Workshop Abstract
          • ABMA 2017 Shape of Enrichment Abstract
        • ABMA 2018 >
          • ABMA 2018 Keynote Abstracts Gary Wilson and Thad Lacinak
          • ABMA 2018 Monday Abstracts
          • ABMA 2018 Wednesday Abstracts
          • ABMA 2018 Friday Abstracts
          • ABMA 2018 Research and Evaluation Workshop Abstract
          • ABMA 2018 Special Presentations and Advanced Training Abstracts
        • ABMA 2019 >
          • ABMA 2019 Keynote Kate Webb
          • ABMA 2019 Monday Abstracts
          • ABMA 2019 Wednesday Abstracts
          • ABMA 2019 Friday Abstracts
          • ABMA 2019 Research and Evaluation Workshop Abstract
          • ABMA 2019 Special Presentations and Advanced Abstracts Training
          • ABMA 2019 Panel Discussion - Hot Topics Abstract
        • ABMA 2021 >
          • ABMA 2021 Thursday Abstracts
          • ABMA 2021 Friday Abstracts
          • ABMA 2021 Saturday Abstracts
        • ABMA 2022 >
          • ABMA 2022 Tuesday Abstracts
          • ABMA 2022 Wednesday Abstracts
          • ABMA 2022 Thursday Abstracts
          • ABMA 2022 Friday Abstracts
      • International Conference on Environmental Enrichment (ICEE) >
        • ICEE 2011 >
          • ICEE 2011 Keynote Dr. Joy Mench Abstract
          • ICEE 2011 Invited Workshop Dr. Cheryl Meehan Abstract
          • ICEE 2011 Talks Invited Abstracts
          • ICEE 2011 Talks General Session 1 Abstracts
          • ICEE 2011 Talks General Session 2 Abstracts
          • ICEE 2011 Talks General Session 3 Abstracts
          • ICEE 2011 Talks General Session 4 Abstracts
          • ICEE 2011 Talks General Session 5 Abstracts
          • ICEE 2011 Talks General Session 6 Abstracts
          • ICEE 2011 Talks General Session 7 Abstracts
          • ICEE 2011 Talks General Session 8 Abstracts
          • ICEE 2011 Talks General Session 9 Abstracts
          • ICEE 2011 Talks General Session 10 Abstracts
          • ICEE 2011 Symposia Personality and Behavioral Husbandry Abstracts
          • ICEE 2011 Symposia Building enriched environments through design collaboration Abstracts
      • Regional Aquatics Workshop (RAW) >
        • The Best of RAW
        • RAW 2012 >
          • RAW 2012 Training Abstracts
          • RAW 2012 Water Quality and Filtration Abstracts
          • RAW 2012 Propagation Abstracts
          • RAW 2012 Freshwater Abstracts
          • RAW 2012 Aquarium and Population Management Abstracts
          • RAW 2012 Crustacean Health Abstracts
          • RAW 2012 Elasmobranchs Abstracts
          • RAW 2012 Collection, Transport, and Acclimation Abstracts
          • RAW 2012 Conservation Abstracts
          • RAW 2012 Exhibits and Animal Health Abstracts
        • RAW 2013 >
          • RAW 2013 Conservation Abstracts
          • RAW 2013 Animal Management and Training Abstracts
          • RAW 2013 Animal Health Abstracts
          • RAW 2013 Natural Disaster Preparation and Recovery Abstracts
          • RAW 2013 Exhibitry Abstracts
          • RAW 2013 Propagation Abstracts
          • RAW 2013 Live Collection Management Abstracts
          • RAW 2013 Professional Development and Aquarist Training Abstracts
        • RAW 2014 >
          • RAW 2014 Tuesday Abstracts
          • RAW 2014 Wednesday Abstracts
          • RAW 2014 Thursday Abstracts
          • RAW 2014 Friday Abstracts
        • RAW 2015 >
          • RAW 2015 New Projects and Exhibits Abstracts
          • RAW 2015 Training and Enrichment Abstracts
          • RAW 2015 Elasmobranch Husbandry Abstracts
          • RAW 2015 Husbandry Abstracts
          • RAW 2015 Propagation Abstracts
          • RAW 2015 LSS and WQ Abstracts
          • RAW 2015 Animal Health Abstracts
          • RAW 2015 Conservation & Research Abstracts
          • RAW 2015 The End! Abstracts
        • RAW 2016 >
          • RAW 2016 Sharks / Sand Tiger Shark Round Table Abstracts
          • RAW 2016 Husbandry Abstracts
          • RAW 2016 Conservation and Propagation Abstracts
          • RAW 2016 Animal Transport Abstracts
          • RAW 2016 LSS and Quarantine Abstracts
          • RAW 2016 Exhibit Design and Lighting Abstracts
          • RAW 2016 Training and Enrichment Abstracts
        • RAW 2017 >
          • RAW 2017 Research and Conservation Abstracts
          • RAW 2017 Culturing Abstracts
          • RAW 2017 Husbandry Abstracts
          • RAW 2017 Personnel, LSS, and Exhibits Abstracts
          • RAW 2017 Medical Abstracts
          • RAW 2017 AZA SAFE Speakers
        • RAW 2018 >
          • RAW 2018 Coral Conservation & Partnerships Abstracts
          • RAW 2018 Shark Conservation & Partnerships Abstracts
          • RAW 2018 Conservation & Partnerships Abstracts
          • RAW 2018 Guest Programs Abstracts
          • RAW 2018 Workforce Development Abstracts
          • RAW 2018 Animal Behavior Abstracts
          • RAW 2018 Veterinary Care, Nutrition & Animal Handling Abstracts
          • RAW 2018 Life Support & Water Quality Abstracts
        • RAW 2019 >
          • RAW 2019 Opening Presentation Abstracts
          • RAW 2019 Freshwater Mussel Abstracts
          • RAW 2019 Advances in Invertebrate Husbandry Abstracts
          • RAW 2019 Advances in Marine Fish Husbandry Abstracts
          • RAW 2019 Elasmobranch Abstracts
          • RAW 2019 Collection Sustainability Abstracts
          • RAW 2019 Coral Culture Abstracts
          • RAW 2019 LSS & Exhibitry Abstracts
          • RAW 2019 Animal Welfare Abstracts
          • RAW 2019 Animal Health Abstracts
          • RAW 2019 Aquatic Animal Welfare Discussion Abstract
          • RAW 2019 Taxon Advisory Groups (TAG) Abstract
        • RAW 2022 >
          • RAW 2022 Health Management Abstracts
          • RAW 2022 Husbandry Techniques Abstracts
          • RAW 2022 Welfare General Session Abstracts
          • RAW 2022 Diversity, Equity, Access and Inclusivity Abstracts
          • RAW 2022 Corals Abstracts
          • RAW 2022 Conservation Abstracts
          • RAW 2022 Morning Buzz Abstracts
          • RAW 2022 Husbandry Techniques 2 Abstracts
          • RAW 2022 Sustainable Collections Abstracts
      • International Elasmobranch Husbandry Symposium (IEHS) >
        • IEHS 2013 >
          • IEHS 2013 Sustainability Abstracts
          • IEHS 2013 Health Abstracts
          • IEHS 2013 Husbandry Abstracts
          • IEHS 2013 Husbandry II Abstracts
      • Aquality >
        • Aquality 2014 >
          • Aquality II 2014 Supply and Pre-Treatment Abstracts
          • Aquality II 2014 Chemical and Ultraviolet Abstracts
          • Aquality II 2014 Ozone and Fractionation Abstracts
          • Aquality II 2014 Mechanical Filtration Abstracts
          • Aquality II 2014 Biological Filtration Abstracts
          • Aquality II 2014 Marine Mammals and Friends Abstracts
          • Aquality II 2014 Nutrient Control Abstracts
          • Aquality II 2014 Denitrification Abstracts
          • Aquality II 2014 Corals and Jellies LSS Abstracts
          • Aquality II 2014 Microbiology in LSS Abstracts
          • Aquality II 2014 Quantification Abstracts
          • Aquality II 2014 Troubleshooting Abstracts
      • Aquatic Animal Life Support Operators (AALSO) >
        • AALSO 2015 >
          • AALSO 2015 Host Facility Spotlights Abstracts
          • AALSO 2015 Short Facility Updates Abstracts
          • AALSO 2015 Water Quality & Chemistry Abstracts
          • AALSO 2015 Sponsored Facility Updates Abstracts
          • AALSO 2015 Symposium Theme Abstracts
          • AALSO 2015 Dirty Laundry Abstracts
        • AALSO 2016 >
          • AALSO 2016 Dirty Laundry Abstracts
          • AALSO 2016 Water Quality/Chemistry Abstracts
          • AALSO 2016 Symposium Theme - Species Specific Abstracts
          • AALSO 2016 Dive Operations & Green Initiatives Abstracts
        • AALSO 2017 >
          • AALSO 2017 Monday Abstracts
          • AALSO 2017 Tuesday Abstracts
          • AALSO 2017 Wednesday Abstracts
        • AALSO 2018 >
          • AALSO 2018 Abstracts Monday
          • AALSO 2018 Abstracts Tuesday
          • AALSO 2018 Abstracts Wednesday
        • AALSO 2019 >
          • AALSO 2019 Dirty Laundry Abstracts
          • AALSO 2019 Water Quality & Chemistry Abstracts
          • AALSO 2019 Program Management Series Abstracts
          • AALSO 2019 New Innovations Series Abstracts
          • AALSO 2019 Making It Work Series Abstracts
      • International Aquarium Congress (IAC) >
        • IAC 2016 >
          • IAC 2016 Keynote Abstracts
          • IAC 2016 Fish Husbandry Abstracts
          • IAC 2016 TAXA Champions Abstracts
          • IAC 2016 Elasmonbranch Conservation Abstracts
          • IAC 2016 Mammal and Turtle Conservation Abstracts
          • IAC 2016 Aquatic Diseases Abstracts
          • IAC 2016 Coral Conservation Abstracts
          • IAC 2016 Life Support Operations Abstracts
          • IAC 2016 Field Conservation Abstracts
          • IAC 2016 Fish Conservation and Propagation Abstracts
          • IAC 2016 New Aquariums and Exhibits Abstracts
          • IAC 2016 Sustainable Seafood Movement Abstracts
          • IAC 2016 Conservation Education Abstracts
          • IAC 2016 Traveling and Temporary Exhibits Abstracts
          • IAC 2016 Business Operations Abstracts
          • IAC 2016 Aquarium Education Abstracts
          • IAC 2016 Public Outreach Abstracts
          • IAC 2016 Conservation Outreach Abstracts
      • International Seadragon Husbandry Symposium (ISHS) >
        • ISHS 2016 >
          • ISHS 2016 Tuesday Abstracts
          • ISHS 2016 Wednesday Abstracts
        • ISHS 2018 >
          • ISHS 2018 Tuesday Abstracts
          • ISHS 2018 Wednesday Abstracts
      • National Wildlife Rehabilitators Association (NWRA) >
        • NWRA 2018 >
          • NWRA 2018 Keynote Abstract
          • NWRA 2018 Workshop Lecture Abstract
          • NWRA 2018 Administration Abstracts
          • NWRA 2018 Urban Wildlife Conflict Abstracts
          • NWRA 2018 Education Abstracts
          • NWRA 2018 Assorted Topics Abstracts
          • NWRA 2018 Release & Survival Abstracts
        • NWRA 2019 >
          • NWRA 2019 Keynote Abstract
          • NWRA 2019 Setting Limits Abstracts
          • NWRA 2019 Animal Welfare Plenary Abstracts
          • NWRA 2019 Working Together Abstract
          • NWRA 2019 Avian Veterinary Topics Abstracts
          • NWRA 2019 Workshop Lectures Abstracts
          • NWRA 2019 Volunteers Abstracts
          • NWRA 2019 Reptiles Abstracts
          • NWRA 2019 Disease Abstracts
          • NWRA 2019 Reuniting Abstracts
          • NWRA 2019 Post-release Abstracts
          • NWRA 2019 Avian Abstracts
          • NWRA 2019 Education Abstracts
          • NWRA 2019 Training Ambassadors Abstracts
          • NWRA 2019 Mammals I Abstracts
          • NWRA 2019 Diets & Nutrition Abstracts
          • NWRA 2019 Avian Radiographs 101 Abstract
        • NWRA 2020 >
          • NWRA 2020 Plenary Session Abstracts
          • NWRA 2020 Avian 1 Abstracts
          • NWRA 2020 Mammals 1 Abstracts
          • NWRA 2020 Data Abstracts
          • NWRA 2020 Rehabilitators and Zoos Roundtable Abstract
          • NWRA 2020 Herptiles Abstracts
          • NWRA 2020 General Abstracts
          • NWRA 2020 Veterinary Abstracts
          • NWRA 2020 Waterbird Abstracts
          • NWRA 2020 Medications Abstracts
          • NWRA 2020 Oiled Wildlife & Disaster Response I Abstracts
          • NWRA 2020 Toxicity Abstracts
          • NWRA 2020 Education & Outreach Abstracts
        • NWRA 2021 >
          • NWRA 2021 Avian Abstracts
          • NWRA 2021 Herptiles Abstracts
          • NWRA 2021 Mammals Abstracts
          • NWRA 2021 Biosecurity Abstracts
          • NWRA 2021 General Rehabilitation Abstracts
          • NWRA 2021 Outreach Abstracts
          • NWRA 2021 Wildlife Medicine Abstracts
          • NWRA 2021 Veterinary Abstracts
          • NWRA 2021 Standards Panel Abstract
      • Sea Otter Conservation Workshop >
        • Sea Otter Conservation Workshop 2019 Abstracts >
          • Sea Otter 2019 Population Status Abstracts
          • Sea Otter 2019 Ecology Abstracts
          • Sea Otter 2019 Conservation Abstracts
          • Sea Otter 2019 Veterinary Abstracts
          • Sea Otter 2019 Husbandry Abstracts
          • Sea Otter 2019 Physiology Abstracts
          • Sea Otter 2019 Genetics Abstracts
          • Sea Otter 2019 General Abstracts
      • Cephalopod Symposium >
        • Cephalopod Symposium 2019 Abstracts >
          • Cephalopod 2019 Presentation Abstracts
      • ​Global Online Animal Training Summit (GOATS) Abstracts >
        • GOATS 2021 Presentations
      • Effects of Oil on Wildlife (EOW) Abstracts >
        • Effects of Oil on Wildlife (EOW) 2022 Abstracts >
          • EOW 2022 Plenary Abstracts
          • EOW 2022 New Tools Abstracts
          • EOW 2022 Training the Next Generation Abstracts
          • EOW 2022 Responder Management Abstracts
          • EOW 2022 Integrating Wildlife Into the Larger Oil Spill Response Abstracts
          • EOW 2022 Rehab, Research, and Pathology Abstracts
          • EOW 2022 Inland and Coastal Wildlife Abstracts
          • EOW 2022 Cooperative Efforts I & II Abstracts
          • EOW 2022 Peru and Galapagos Abstracts
          • EOW 2022 Offshore Wildlife Response Abstracts
          • EOW 2022 Restoration and Impact Abstracts
          • EOW 2022 Planning and Prevention Abstracts
          • EOW 2022 Lessons from recent spills I & II Abstracts
          • EOW 2022 Workshops Abstracts
          • EOW 2022 Roundtable Abstracts
    • #ChondroCensus
    • Minorities in Aquarium and Zoo Science
  • Member Content
    • The Animal Behavior Management Alliance (ABMA) >
      • ABMA 2011 >
        • ABMA 2011 Pre-Conference >
          • ABMA 2011 Avalanche Rescue Dog
        • ABMA 2011 Keynote >
          • ABMA 2011 Keynote Dr. Mellen
        • ABMA 2011 Papers >
          • ABMA 2011 Monday Papers
          • ABMA 2011 Tuesday Papers
          • ABMA 2011 Thursday Papers
        • ABMA 2011 Extended Presentations >
          • ABMA 2011 Special Presentations
        • ABMA 2011 Workshops >
          • ABMA 2011 Workshops
      • ABMA 2012 >
        • ABMA 2012 Keynote >
          • ABMA 2012 Keynote Hal Markowitz
        • ABMA 2012 Papers >
          • ABMA 2012 Monday Papers
          • ABMA 2012 Wednesday Papers
          • ABMA 2012 Friday Papers
        • ABMA 2012 Workshops >
          • ABMA 2012 Measuring Enrichment Efficacy
          • ABMA 2012 Training Safety Workshop
        • ABMA 2012 Extended Presentations >
          • ABMA 2012 Special Presentation
      • ABMA 2013 >
        • ABMA 2013 Keynote >
          • ABMA 2013 Keynote Dr. Ian Sterling
        • ABMA 2013 Papers >
          • ABMA 2013 Monday Papers
          • ABMA 2013 Wednesday Papers
          • ABMA 2013 Friday Papers
        • ABMA 2013 Extended Presentations >
          • ABMA 2013 Special Presentations
        • ABMA 2013 Workshops >
          • ABMA 2013 Research and Evaluation Workshop
      • ABMA 2014 >
        • ABMA 2014 Papers >
          • ABMA 2014 Monday Papers
          • ABMA 2014 Wednesday Papers
          • ABMA 2014 Thursday Papers
          • ABMA 2014 Friday Papers
      • ABMA 2015 >
        • ABMA 2015 Keynote >
          • ABMA 2015 Keynote Ken Ramirez
        • ABMA 2015 Papers >
          • ABMA 2015 Papers Tuesday
          • ABMA 2015 Papers Thursday
          • ABMA 2015 Papers Saturday
        • ABMA 2015 Extended Presentations >
          • ABMA 2015 Special Presentations
      • ABMA 2016 >
        • ABMA 2016 Papers >
          • ABMA 2016 Papers Monday
          • ABMA 2016 Papers Wednesday
          • ABMA 2016 Papers Friday
        • ABMA 2016 Extended Presentations >
          • ABMA 2016 Special Presentations
      • ABMA 2017 >
        • ABMA 2017 Keynote >
          • ABMA 2017 Keynote Megan Parker
        • ABMA 2017 Papers >
          • ABMA 2017 Papers Monday
          • ABMA 2017 Papers Wednesday
          • ABMA 2017 Papers Friday
        • ABMA 2017 Workshops >
          • ABMA 2017 Enrichment Workshop
          • ABMA 2017 Shape of Enrichment
      • ABMA 2018 >
        • ABMA 2018 Keynotes >
          • ABMA 2018 Keynotes Gary Wilson and Thad Lacinak
        • ABMA 2018 Papers >
          • ABMA 2018 Papers Monday
          • ABMA 2018 Papers Wednesday
          • ABMA 2018 Papers Friday
        • ABMA 2018 Workshops >
          • ABMA 2018 Research and Evaluation Workshop
        • ABMA 2018 Extended Presentations >
          • ABMA 2018 Special Presentations and Advanced Training
      • ABMA 2019 >
        • ABMA 2019 Keynote >
          • ABMA 2019 Keynote Kate Webb
        • ABMA 2019 Papers >
          • ABMA 2019 Monday Papers
          • ABMA 2019 Wednesday Papers
          • ABMA 2019 Friday Papers
        • ABMA 2019 Workshops >
          • ABMA 2019 Research and Evaluation Workshop
        • ABMA 2019 Special Presentations >
          • ABMA 2019 Special Presentations and Advanced Training
        • ABMA 2019 Panel Discussion >
          • ABMA 2019 Panel Discussion - Hot Topics
      • ABMA 2021 >
        • ABMA 2021 Thursday
        • ABMA 2021 Friday
        • ABMA 2021 Saturday
      • ABMA 2022 >
        • ABMA 2022 Tuesday
        • ABMA 2022 Wednesday
        • ABMA 2022 Thursday
        • ABMA 2022 Friday
      • IMATA ABMA 2023 >
        • IMATA ABMA 2023 Papers >
          • IMATA ABMA 2023 Monday Formal Presentations
          • IMATA ABMA 2023 Tuesday Formal Presentations
          • IMATA ABMA 2023 Wednesday Formal Presentations
          • IMATA ABMA 2023 Thursday Formal Presentations
          • IMATA ABMA 2023 Friday Formal Presentations
        • IMATA ABMA 2023 Invited Speakers
        • IMATA ABMA 2023 Panel Discussions
        • IMATA ABMA 2023 GRAZE
        • IMATA ABMA 2023 Special Presentations
      • ABMA 2024 >
        • ABMA 2024 Keynote
        • ABMA 2024 Formal Presentations Monday
        • ABMA 2024 Formal Presentations Tuesday
        • ABMA 2024 Formal Presentations Thursday
        • ABMA 2024 Formal Presentations Friday
        • ABMA 2024 Featured Speakers & Special Presentations
        • ABMA 2024 Workshops
        • ABMA 2024 Panel Discussion
      • ABMA 2025 >
        • ABMA 2025 Keynote
        • ABMA 2025 Formal Presentations Monday
        • ABMA 2025 Formal Presentations Tuesday
        • ABMA 2025 Panel Discussion
        • ABMA 2025 Formal Presentations Wednesday
        • ABMA 2025 Formal Presentations Friday
        • ABMA 2025 Workshops
    • International Conference on Environmental Enrichment (ICEE) >
      • ICEE 2011 >
        • ICEE 2011 Keynote >
          • ICEE 2011 Keynote Dr. Joy Mench
        • ICEE 2011 Invited Workshop >
          • ICEE 2011 Invited Workshop Dr. Cheryl Meehan
        • ICEE 2011 Talks >
          • ICEE 2011 Talks Invited
          • ICEE 2011 Talks General Session 1
          • ICEE 2011 Talks General Session 2
          • ICEE 2011 Talks General Session 3
          • ICEE 2011 Talks General Session 4
          • ICEE 2011 Talks General Session 5
          • ICEE 2011 Talks General Session 6
          • ICEE 2011 Talks General Session 7
          • ICEE 2011 Talks General Session 8
          • ICEE 2011 Talks General Session 9
          • ICEE 2011 Talks General Session 10
        • ICEE 2011 Symposia >
          • ICEE 2011 Symposia Personality and Behavioral Husbandry
          • ICEE 2011 Symposia Building enriched environments through design collaboration
    • Regional Aquatics Workshop (RAW) >
      • The Best of RAW >
        • Best of RAW 2012
        • Best of RAW 2013
        • Best of RAW 2014
        • Best of RAW 2015
        • Best of RAW 2016
        • Best of RAW 2017
        • Best of RAW 2018
        • Best of RAW 2019
        • Best of RAW 2022
        • Best of RAW 2023
        • Best of RAW 2024
      • RAW 2012 >
        • RAW 2012 Presentations >
          • RAW 2012 Training
          • RAW 2012 Water Quality and Filtration
          • RAW 2012 Propagation
          • RAW 2012 Freshwater
          • RAW 2012 Aquarium and Population Management
          • RAW 2012 Crustacean Health
          • RAW 2012 Elasmobranchs
          • RAW 2012 Collection, Transport, and Acclimation
          • RAW 2012 Conservation
          • RAW 2012 Exhibits and Animal Health
      • RAW 2013 >
        • RAW 2013 Presentations >
          • RAW 2013 Conservation
          • RAW 2013 Animal Management and Training
          • RAW 2013 Animal Health
          • RAW 2013 Natural Disaster Preparation and Recovery
          • RAW 2013 Exhibitry
          • RAW 2013 Propagation
          • RAW 2013 Live Collection Management
          • RAW 2013 Professional Development and Aquarist Training
      • RAW 2014 >
        • RAW 2014 Presentations >
          • RAW 2014 Tuesday
          • RAW 2014 Wednesday
          • RAW 2014 Thursday
          • RAW 2014 Friday
      • RAW 2015 >
        • RAW 2015 Presentations >
          • RAW 2015 New Projects and Exhibits
          • RAW 2015 Training and Enrichment
          • RAW 2015 Elasmobranch Husbandry
          • RAW 2015 Husbandry
          • RAW 2015 Propagation
          • RAW 2015 LSS and WQ
          • RAW 2015 Animal Health
          • RAW 2015 Conservation & Research
          • RAW 2015 The End!
      • RAW 2016 >
        • RAW 2016 Presentations >
          • RAW 2016 Sharks / Sand Tiger Shark Round Table
          • RAW 2016 Husbandry
          • RAW 2016 Conservation and Propagation
          • RAW 2016 Animal Transport
          • RAW 2016 LSS and Quarantine
          • RAW 2016 Exhibit Design and Lighting
          • RAW 2016 Training and Enrichment
      • RAW 2017 >
        • RAW 2017 Presentations >
          • RAW 2017 Research and Conservation
          • RAW 2017 Culturing
          • RAW 2017 Husbandry
          • RAW 2017 Personnel, LSS, and Exhibits
          • RAW 2017 Medical
          • RAW 2017 AZA SAFE
      • RAW 2018 >
        • RAW 2018 Presentations >
          • RAW 2018 Coral Conservation & Partnerships
          • RAW 2018 Shark Conservation & Partnerships Abstracts
          • RAW 2018 Conservation & Partnerships
          • RAW 2018 Conservation & Partnerships Panel Discussion
          • RAW 2018 Guest Programs
          • RAW 2018 Workforce Development
          • RAW 2018 Animal Behavior
          • RAW 2018 Veterinary Care, Nutrition & Animal Handling
          • RAW 2018 Life Support & Water Quality
      • RAW 2019 >
        • RAW 2019 Presentations >
          • RAW 2019 Opening Presentations
          • RAW 2019 Freshwater Mussel
          • RAW 2019 Advances in Invertebrate Husbandry
          • RAW 2019 Advances in Marine Fish Husbandry
          • RAW 2019 Elasmobranch
          • RAW 2019 Collection Sustainability
          • RAW 2019 Coral Culture
          • RAW 2019 LSS & Exhibitry
          • RAW 2019 Animal Welfare
          • RAW 2019 Animal Health
        • RAW 2019 Discussions >
          • RAW 2019 Aquatic Animal Welfare Discussion
        • RAW 2019 TAG Meetings >
          • RAW 2019 Taxon Advisory Groups (TAG)
      • RAW 2022 >
        • RAW 2022 Health Management
        • RAW 2022 Husbandry Techniques
        • RAW 2022 Welfare General Session
        • RAW 2022 Diversity, Equity, Access and Inclusivity
        • RAW 2022 Corals
        • RAW 2022 Conservation
        • RAW 2022 Morning Buzz
        • RAW 2022 Husbandry Techniques 2
        • RAW 2022 Sustainable Collections
      • RAW 2023 >
        • RAW 2023 Animal Welfare / Wellbeing & Welfare / Wellbeing Assessment
        • RAW 2023 Husbandry Techniques 1
        • RAW 2023 Freshwater Mussels
        • RAW 2023 Coral Reef Conservation
        • RAW 2023 Rescues/ Broodstock Management/Genebanking
        • RAW 2023 Land-based Nurseries and Sexual Propagation
        • RAW 2023 Conservation
        • RAW 2023 Conservation 2
        • RAW 2023 MORNING BUZZ
        • RAW 2023 Sustainable Collections
        • RAW 2023 Life Support / Knowledge Retention
        • RAW 2023 Husbandry Techniques 2
      • RAW 2024 >
        • RAW 2024 Mental Well-being
        • RAW 2024 Institutional Knowledge
        • RAW 2024 Research & Collaboration Part 1
        • RAW 2024 Research & Collaboration Part 2
        • RAW 2024 Innovation Part 1
        • RAW 2024 Innovation Part 2
        • RAW 2024 Invertebrate Session Part 1
        • RAW 2024 Invertebrate Session Part 2
        • RAW 2024 The Art of Display
        • RAW 2024 Husbandry of Aquatic Plants
        • RAW 2024 RAW Variety Pack Part 1
        • RAW 2024 RAW Variety Pack Part 2
      • RAW 2025 >
        • RAW 2025 Aquaculture Pt. 1
        • RAW 2025 Aquaculture Pt. 2
        • RAW 2025 Aquatic Herpetofauna
        • RAW 2025 Emergency Preparedness
        • RAW 2025 Back to Basics Pt. 1
        • RAW 2025 Back to Basics Pt. 2
        • RAW 2025 Innovations-Invertebrates
        • RAW 2025 Innovations-Medical
        • RAW 2025 Innovations-Reproduction
        • RAW 2025 Innovations-Welfare, Transport, Exhibit
        • RAW 2025 Innovations-Training & Enrichment
    • International Elasmobranch Husbandry Symposium (IEHS) >
      • IEHS 2013 >
        • IEHS 2013 Sustainability
        • IEHS 2013 Health
        • IEHS 2013 Husbandry
        • IEHS 2013 Husbandry II
    • Aquality >
      • Aquality II 2014 >
        • Aquality II 2014 Presentations >
          • Aquality II 2014 Supply and Pre-Treatment
          • Aquality II 2014 Chemical and Ultraviolet
          • Aquality II 2014 Ozone and Fractionation
          • Aquality II 2014 Mechanical Filtration
          • Aquality II 2014 Biological Filtration
          • Aquality II 2014 Marine Mammals and Friends
          • Aquality II 2014 Nutrient Control
          • Aquality II 2014 Denitrification
          • Aquality II 2014 Corals and Jellies LSS
          • Aquality II 2014 Microbiology in LSS
          • Aquality II 2014 Quantification
          • Aquality II 2014 Troubleshooting
    • Aquatic Animal Life Support Operators (AALSO) >
      • AALSO 2015 >
        • AALSO 2015 Host Facility Spotlights
        • AALSO 2015 Short Facility Updates
        • AALSO 2015 Water Quality & Chemistry
        • AALSO 2015 Sponsored Facility Updates
        • AALSO 2015 Symposium Theme
        • AALSO 2015 Dirty Laundry
      • AALSO 2016 >
        • AALSO 2016 Dirty Laundry
        • AALSO 2016 Water Quality/Chemistry
        • AALSO 2016 Symposium Theme - Species Specific
        • AALSO 2016 Dive Operations & Green Initiatives
      • AALSO 2017 >
        • AALSO 2017 Monday
        • AALSO 2017 Tuesday
        • AALSO 2017 Wednesday
      • AALSO 2018 >
        • AALSO 2018 Papers Monday
        • AALSO 2018 Papers Tuesday
        • AALSO 2018 Papers Wednesday
      • AALSO 2019 >
        • AALSO 2019 Dirty Laundry
        • AALSO 2019 Water Quality & Chemistry
        • AALSO 2019 Program Management Series
        • AALSO 2019 New Innovations Series
        • AALSO 2019 Making It Work Series
      • AALSO 2021 >
        • AALSO 2021 New Innovations Series
        • AALSO 2021 Water Quality & Chemistry
        • AALSO 2021 Dirty Laundry
        • AALSO 2021 Program Management Series
        • AALSO 2021 Greening Up LSS
      • AALSO 2022 >
        • AALSO 2022 New Innovations Series
        • AALSO 2022 Making It Work
        • AALSO 2022 Water Quality & Chemistry
        • AALSO 2022 Program Management Series
      • AALSO 2023 >
        • AALSO 2023 Dirty Laundry
        • AALSO 2023 Water Quality
        • AALSO 2023 Making It Work
        • AALSO 2023 LSS & Exhibits
      • AALSO 2024 >
        • AALSO 2024 Instrumentation and Equipment
        • AALSO 2024 Resource Conservation and Exhibit Innovation
        • AALSO 2024 Making it Work
        • AALSO 2024 Water Quality and Husbandry Support
        • AALSO 2024 Emergency Response Network
      • AALSO 2025 >
        • AALSO 2025 Making it Work
        • AALSO 2025 Dirty Laundry & Husbandry Support
        • AALSO 2025 Emergency Response Roundtable
        • AALSO 2025 Instrumentation & Equipment
        • AALSO 2025 Water Quality & Chemistry
        • AALSO 2025 Resource Conservation and Greening up LSS
        • AALSO 2025 Facility Updates & Renovations
    • International Aquarium Congress (IAC) >
      • IAC 2016 >
        • IAC 2016 Keynotes
        • IAC 2016 Fish Husbandry
        • IAC 2016 TAXA Champions
        • IAC 2016 Elasmonbranch Conservation
        • IAC 2016 Mammal and Turtle Conservation
        • IAC 2016 Aquatic Diseases
        • IAC 2016 Coral Conservation
        • IAC 2016 Life Support Operations
        • IAC 2016 Field Conservation
        • IAC 2016 Fish Conservation and Propagation
        • IAC 2016 New Aquariums and Exhibits
        • IAC 2016 Sustainable Seafood Movement
        • IAC 2016 Conservation Education
        • IAC 2016 Traveling and Temporary Exhibits
        • IAC 2016 Business Operations
        • IAC 2016 Aquarium Education
        • IAC 2016 Public Outreach
        • IAC 2016 Conservation Outreach
    • International Seadragon Husbandry Symposium (ISHS) >
      • ISHS 2016 >
        • ISHS 2016 Tuesday
        • ISHS 2016 Wednesday
      • ISHS 2018 >
        • ISHS 2018 Tuesday Presentations
        • ISHS 2018 Wednesday Presentations
    • National Wildlife Rehabilitators Association (NWRA) >
      • NWRA Education Tracks >
        • Avian Basics Track
        • Basics of Wildlife Rehabilitation 1 Track
        • Mammal Basics Track
        • Reptile Basics Track
      • NWRA 2018 >
        • NWRA 2018 Keynote
        • NWRA 2018 Workshop Lecture
        • NWRA 2018 Administration
        • NWRA 2018 Urban Wildlife Conflict
        • NWRA 2018 Education
        • NWRA 2018 Assorted Topics
        • NWRA 2018 Release & Survival
      • NWRA 2019 >
        • NWRA 2019 Keynote
        • NWRA 2019 Setting Limits
        • NWRA 2019 Animal Welfare Plenary
        • NWRA 2019 Working Together
        • NWRA 2019 Avian Veterinary Topics
        • NWRA 2019 Workshop Lectures
        • NWRA 2019 Volunteers
        • NWRA 2019 Reptiles
        • NWRA 2019 Disease
        • NWRA 2019 Reuniting
        • NWRA 2019 Post-release
        • NWRA 2019 Avian
        • NWRA 2019 Education
        • NWRA 2019 Training Ambassadors
        • NWRA 2019 Mammals I
        • NWRA 2019 Diets & Nutrition
        • NWRA 2019 Avian Radiographs 101
      • NWRA 2020 >
        • NWRA 2020 Plenary Session
        • NWRA 2020 Avain 1
        • NWRA 2020 Mammals 1
        • NWRA 2020 Data
        • NWRA 2020 Rehabilitators and Zoos Roundtable
        • NWRA 2020 Herptiles
        • NWRA 2020 General
        • NWRA 2020 Veterinary
        • NWRA 2020 Waterbird
        • NWRA 2020 Medications
        • NWRA 2020 Oiled Wildlife & Disaster Response I
        • NWRA 2020 Toxicity
        • NWRA 2020 Education & Outreach
      • NWRA 2021 >
        • NWRA 2021 Avian
        • NWRA 2021 Herptiles
        • NWRA 2021 Mammals
        • NWRA 2021 Biosecurity
        • NWRA 2021 General Rehabilitation
        • NWRA 2021 Outreach
        • NWRA 2021 Wildlife Medicine
        • NWRA 2021 Veterinary
        • NWRA 2021 Standards Panel
      • NWRA 2022 >
        • NWRA 2022 Avian Care & Husbandry
        • NWRA 2022 Mammal Care & Husbandry
        • NWRA 2022 Parasite & Pathogens
        • NWRA 2022 General Rehabilitation Concepts
        • NWRA 2022 Compassion Fatigue
        • NWRA 2022 Avian Medicine
        • NWRA 2022 Mammal Medicine
        • NWRA 2022 Wildlife Medicine
        • NWRA 2022 Pharmacology
        • NWRA 2022 Triage & Trauma
        • NWRA 2022 Everyday Rehabilitation
      • NWRA 2023 >
        • NWRA 2023 Plenary
        • NWRA 2023 Administration, Fundraising, & Collaboration
        • NWRA 2023 Avian Medicine
        • NWRA 2023 Avian Rehabilitation
        • NWRA 2023 Diagnostics
        • NWRA 2023 Education Ambassadors
        • NWRA 2023 First Response
        • NWRA 2023 Herptile Care
        • NWRA 2023 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza
        • NWRA 2023 Home-based & Micro-center Rehabilitation
        • NWRA 2023 Mid-sized Mammal Rehabilitation
        • NWRA 2023 Small Mammal Rehabilitation
        • NWRA 2023 Species-specific Avian Rehabilitation
        • NWRA 2023 Waterbirds
        • NWRA 2023 Wildlife Health
        • NWRA 2023 Wildlife Medicine
      • NWRA 2024 >
        • NWRA 2024 Animal Welfare
        • NWRA 2024 Avian Medicine
        • NWRA 2024 Disease
        • NWRA 2024 People and Culture
        • NWRA 2024 General Rehabilitation
        • NWRA 2024 Raptors
        • NWRA 2024 Herptiles
        • NWRA 2024 Diseases and Conditions
        • NWRA 2024 Case Studies
        • NWRA 2024 Ambassador Animals Part 1
        • NWRA 2024 Ambassador Animals Part 2
        • NWRA 2024 Mammal Rehabilitation
        • NWRA 2024 Conservation and Collaboration
        • NWRA 2024 Avian Rehabilitation
        • NWRA 2024 Lead
        • NWRA 2024 Combatting Stress
        • NWRA 2024 Post-Release
        • NWRA 2024 General Knowledge
        • NWRA 2024 Wildlife Medicine
      • NWRA 2025 >
        • NWRA 2025 People and Culture
        • NWRA 2025 Ambassadors
        • NWRA 2025 Wildlife Medicine
        • NWRA 2025 Technology and Tools
        • NWRA 2025 Avian Rehabilitation
        • NWRA 2025 Bear Rehabilitation
        • NWRA 2025 Case Discussion
        • NWRA 2025 Home Based Rehabilitation
        • NWRA 2025 Veterinary
        • NWRA 2025 Raptor Rehabilitation
        • NWRA 2025 Communication and Outreach
        • NWRA 2025 Mammals
        • NWRA 2025 Data and Research
        • NWRA 2025 Disease
        • NWRA 2025 Parasites and Pathogens
        • NWRA 2025 Disease Raptors
        • NWRA 2025 Diagnostics
        • NWRA 2025 General Rehabilitation
        • NWRA 2025 Operations
        • NWRA 2025 Nutrition
        • NWRA 2025 Wildlife Rehabilitation
    • Sea Otter Conservation Workshop >
      • Sea Otter Conservation Workshop 2019 >
        • Sea Otter 2019 Population Status
        • Sea Otter 2019 Ecology
        • Sea Otter 2019 Conservation
        • Sea Otter 2019 Veterinary
        • Sea Otter 2019 Husbandry
        • Sea Otter 2019 Physiology
      • Sea Otter Conservation Workshop XIII 2023 >
        • Sea Otter 2023 Population Status
        • Sea Otter 2023 Survey methods updates
        • Sea Otter 2023 Conservation
        • Sea Otter 2023 Otter conservation and research
        • Sea Otter 2023 Sea Otter Conservation Volume 2
        • Sea Otter 2023 Conservation and Ecology
        • Sea Otter 2023 Ecology
        • Sea Otter 2023 Physiology and Health
        • Sea Otter 2023 Conservation / Strandings / Threats
        • Sea Otter 2023 Veterinary Medicine
        • Sea Otter 2023 Diet / Genetics
      • Sea Otter Conservation Workshop 2025 >
        • Sea Otter 2025 Management
        • Sea Otter 2025 Monitoring
        • Sea Otter 2025 Ecology
        • Sea Otter 2025 Conservation
        • Sea Otter 2025 Husbandry
        • Sea Otter 2025 Reintroductions
        • Sea Otter 2025 Conservation Advocacy
        • Sea Otter 2025 Rescue Rehabilitation
        • Sea Otter 2025 Physiology
        • Sea Otter 2025 Diet
    • Cephalopod Symposium >
      • Cephalopod Symposium 2019 >
        • Cephalopod 2019 Presentations
    • ​Global Online Animal Training Summit (GOATS) >
      • GOATS 2021 Presentations
    • Minorities in Aquarium and Zoo Science (MIAZS) >
      • MIAZS
    • Effects of Oil on Wildlife (EOW) >
      • EOW 2022 >
        • EOW 2022 Plenary
        • EOW 2022 New Tools
        • EOW 2022 Training the Next Generation
        • EOW 2022 Responder Management
        • EOW 2022 Integrating Wildlife Into the Larger Oil Spill Response
        • EOW 2022 Rehab, Research, and Pathology
        • EOW 2022 Inland and Coastal Wildlife
        • EOW 2022 Cooperative Efforts I & II
        • EOW 2022 Peru and Galapagos
        • EOW 2022 Offshore Wildlife Response
        • EOW 2022 Restoration and Impact
        • EOW 2022 Planning and Prevention
        • EOW 2022 Lessons from recent spills I & II
        • EOW 2022 Workshops
        • EOW 2022 Roundtable
    • Jelly Camp >
      • Jelly Camp 2023
    • Northeast Pacific Shark Symposium >
      • NEPS 2024 Ecology
      • NEPS 2024 Management Monitoring
      • NEPS 2024 Movement Behavior
      • NEPS 2024 Species recovery Conservation
    • International Marine Animal Trainers' Association (IMATA) >
      • IMATA 2024 >
        • IMATA 2024 Keynote
        • IMATA 2024 Formal Presentations Monday
        • IMATA 2024 Formal Presentations Tuesday
        • IMATA 2024 Formal Presentations Wednesday
        • IMATA 2024 Formal Presentations Thursday
        • IMATA 2024 Panel Discussion
      • IMATA 2025 >
        • IMATA 2025 Special Event - Tim Sullivan
        • IMATA 2025 Formal Presentations Monday
        • IMATA 2025 Formal Presentations Tuesday
        • IMATA 2025 Formal Presentations Wednesday
        • IMATA 2025 Formal Presentations Thursday
        • IMATA 2025 Special Event - Will Bowen
        • IMATA 2025 Special Event - Ken Ramirez
        • IMATA 2025 Breakout Sessions
  • Kraken Curriculum
    • The Bigger Picture >
      • 50000 Foot View
      • Welfare
      • Sustainability and Collection Planning
      • Beyond Our Collections
      • Diversity Equity and Inclusion
    • Water Quality Foundations
    • Life Support
    • Medical Observations and Techniques >
      • Foundations
      • Medications and Techniques
      • Chelonians
      • Teleosts
      • Elasmobranchs
      • Invertebrates
    • Live Foods
    • Cephalopods >
      • Cephalopods General
      • Cuttlefish and Squids
      • Octopuses
      • Nautilus
      • Welfare Issues, Senescence, Behavior, and Enrichment
      • Cephalopods Additional Resources
    • Jellies >
      • Jellies Introduction and Exhibitry
      • Jelly Culturing
      • Specialized Techniques
      • Jellies Additional Resources
  • Channels
    • Precision Behavior
  • Contact
  • Search
  • Subscriptions
  • FAQs
Picture

Wednesday Presentation Abstracts

Discospondylitis in a Green Moray Eel (Gymnothorax funebris)

Dr. Shane Boylan, Jennifer Oliverio
and Jason Cassell,
South Carolina Aquarium



Watch Video 
​
(Login required)​​
 
 
Full Abstract
A green moray eel of 12+ years presented with a rapid onset of positive buoyancy and inappetence. The animal was floating horizontally with a 90° bend at the swim bladder with the tail pointing ventrally. Blood-work, GI endoscopy and ultrasound revealed no abnormalities while radiography, confirmed by CT, detected spinal compression cranial to a hyper-inflated swim bladder. Conservative therapies of time, vitamins, glycoaminoglycans and steroids did not improve the condition after several months. Alternative therapies 
were then chosen, and twice weekly near-infrared/cold laser therapy was conducted for two months. Habituation to handling allowed for laser therapy to occur without sedatives. Laser therapy continued once weekly for nine months with improvement in sinusoidal body movement, but buoyancy remained positive with intermittent control of orientation. Experiments with swim bladder deflation followed by anticholinergics +/- oxytetracycline failed to effectively prevent swim bladder inflation. However, four months of normal buoyancy on display were achieved with aspiration of gas and an intraluminal injection of hetastarch and 100mg/ml enrofloxacin. After positive buoyancy returned, we attempted a surgical approach to inject cyanoacrylate into the swim bladder to permanently prevent gas release, with gas volume controlled by aspiration/injection. For an additional month, buoyancy was controlled, but orientation remained inconsistent. After two years of therapy, the eel was humanely euthanized under MS-222 anesthesia to evaluate the swim bladder and spine. In conclusion, improvements in movement and appetite suggest some benefit to the therapies. In addition, the location of the swim bladder rete was unknown until necropsy, and current anatomical knowledge will greatly help future cases.

Fish Anesthesia:
​Alternatives to MS-222


Dr. Kate Bailey,
NC State University
College of Veterinary Medicine


Watch Video 
​
(Login required)​​
 
​
Full Abstract
The necessity for fish anesthesia on a daily basis is a reality for many of those working in the aquarium setting. This necessity should produce a driving force for the exploration of more predictable ways to produce anesthesia, both for animal welfare, and the peace of mind of people providing care. There is a paucity of literature investigating reliable and predictable anesthetic agents in fish. Currently, the only FDA-approved fish anesthetic agent is MS-222 (tricaine methanesulfonate), a sodium channel blocker in peripheral neural tissue, but has no known mechanism of action for production of general anesthesia. Due to our lack of knowledge surrounding MS-222, it is logical to investigate alternative anesthetic agents with known mechanisms of action. Potential alternative anesthetics include alfaxalone and propofol, both of which are GABA agonists that are used routinely as injectables for general anesthesia in companion animals. Fish have GABA receptors in their brain, and the findings from initial investigations using koi carp are promising. Alfaxalone has been investigated for both immersion anesthesia and intramuscular injectable anesthesia. While immersion provided rapid and reliable anesthesia, intramuscular injection produced variable results, and resulted in an unacceptable incidence of morbidity and mortality. Propofol was investigated as an immersion agent, and also provided rapid and reliable anesthesia. While this is useful information for small and easily confined fish species, it is much less useful for large and hard to confine species. Other drugs such as ketamine and dexmedetomine are used for injectable anesthesia with varying success. Further studies are needed to investigate alternative options for injectable anesthesia, especially in larger fish, as the options currently available are frequently unreliable and variable in efficacy and utility.
Public Display Aquatic Invertebrates: Medical Advances

Dr. Gregory A. Lewbart,
NC State University
​College of Veterinary Medicine


Watch Video 
​
(Login required)​​
 
​
Full Abstract
Invertebrate animals comprise over 95% of animal species, yet non-parasitic invertebrates are vastly underrepresented in the typical veterinary school curriculum. This presentation will provide a brief introduction to the more prominent aquatic invertebrate groups (coelenterates, mollusks, crustaceans, echinoderms, horseshoe crabs) and introduce some recent medical advances that apply to maintaining these species in captivity. Specific topics for review include: white patch disease of sponges, eversion syndrome of jellyfishes, aspergillosis of soft corals, white and brown jelly syndrome of hard corals, growth anomalies of Acropora spp. and Montipora spp., acroporid serratiosis, green algal disease and pharmacokinetics in horseshoe crabs, diet-induced shell disease of crustaceans, and pain recognition in shore crabs. The emerging and important topic of animal welfare for aquatic invertebrates also will be reviewed.
A Customized 3D-Printed Splint
for Stabilization of an
Open Front Flipper Fracture
​in a Green Sea Turtle (Chelonia mydas)


Dr. Emily F. Christiansen,
NC State University
College of Veterinary Medicine


Watch Video 
​
(Login required)​​
 
​​
Full Abstract
Sea turtles frequently present to veterinarians and rehabilitation centers with traumatic injuries caused by boat strikes or similar impacts. These injuries commonly include fractures of the extremities, with or without open wounds. While sea turtles have an impressive capacity to heal without significant intervention, the preservation of maximal function in these flippers is a priority for successful return to the wild. Various forms of surgical and external coaptation have been attempted in sea turtles, with limited success. Their natural saltwater environment is not conducive to typical bandaging and splinting materials, and the forces applied against a flipper in the aquatic medium are substantial enough to cause most types of surgical fixators to fail, even in smaller individuals. In July 2013, a juvenile green sea turtle was found floating at the surface in near-shore waters of central North Carolina. The turtle had sustained an open fracture of the right radius and ulna with ventral exposure of bone fragments, along with other injuries. The flipper exhibited severe dorsoflexion at the fracture site, but the tissue distal to the injury retained adequate circulation and nervous function. A 3-D printer was used to create a customized form-fitting plastic polymer splint designed using modeling software around CT-derived tridimensional renderings of the fractured and intact flippers. The splint was generated in a two-piece clamshell design with multiple perforations, with a hinge along the cranial edge, and included a large window over the open wound to allow for cleaning and monitoring. The splint was initially applied under sedation, and secured onto the flipper with synthetic suture material. The turtle tolerated the splint very well, and showed increased swimming confidence within minutes of being placed in the water. The splint remained in place for 40 days, providing considerable external stabilization with no obvious side effects.
Whole Blood Transfusion
​in a Cownose Ray (Rhinoptera bonasus)


Dr. Alexa McDermott, Dr. Cara Field,
Dr. Tonya Clauss, Lynda Leppert,
Nicole Hatcher, Jeffery Ingle
​and Mayela Alsina,
Georgia Aquarium


Watch Video 
​
(Login required)​​
 
​​
Full Abstract
A female cownose ray (Rhinoptera bonasus) presented for extreme lethargy and pale coloration. Examination revealed a heavy Branchellion torpedinis leech load in the oral cavity, and the leeches were manually removed. A blood sample taken from a ventral wing vein showed hematocrit (HCT) levels at 1% (normal individual at 20%). Due to severe anemia and weakness the prognosis was poor, so a whole blood transfusion was carried out in an attempt to save the ray. A 20 kg cownose ray with a HCT of 35% served as the blood donor. Sixty ml of whole blood was collected from the donor into heparinized syringes at a ratio of 1:10 heparin to blood.  The solution was then delivered directly to the recipient via a ventral wing vein, administered over a 25-minute time frame. The recipient received a prednisolone injection to minimize possible transfusion reaction, as well as antibiotics and supportive iron dextran and Vitamin B complex injections. Post-transfusion, a major cross match was performed with no signs of agglutination. One day following the transfusion, the recipient’s HCT had increased to 4.5%. Four days post- transfusion, the ray’s coloration had drastically improved, and the HCT had increased to 9.5%. Over subsequent days the ray began swimming with more vigor, and the HCT continued to increase. At 55 days post transfusion, the ray had a HCT of 22% and was behaving normally.
​

Common Causes for Mortality Events
in Captive Sand Tiger Sharks
(Carcharias taurus)


Dr. Robert George,
Ripley’s Aquariums


Watch Video 
​
(Login required)​​
 
​​ 
​
Full Abstract
Sand tiger sharks, Carcharias taurus, are the most common large sharks displayed in public aquariums. In the wild, female sand tigers mature at 9-10 years of age, while males reach maturity in only 6-7 years. Exhibited sand tigers often live in captivity for 10-15 years, and in some cases survival times extend well over 20 years after capture have been reported. With exhibit sand tigers routinely reaching geriatric ages, it would be expected for such animals to eventually show systemic problems associated with age-related organ failure. In addition to organ failure as a cause of death, a variety of physical issues such as prolapse of the spiral valve, gastric prolapse, gastro-intestinal foreign bodies, and reproductive disorders can occur. This presentation will review some of the most common causes of mortality for these sharks.
Successful Treatment of Neobenedenia Monogeneans in Quarantined Teleosts

Dr. Catherine Hadfield,
Dr. Leigh Clayton and Ashleigh Clews,
National Aquarium


Watch Video 
​
(Login required)​​
 
​​
Full Abstract
Neobenedenia are capsalid monogeneans that infect the skin of marine teleosts and are a common cause of recurrent morbidity and mortality in aquarium systems. The life cycle is direct and eggs can survive in the environment for extended periods. Twenty-two shipments of tropical marine teleosts from Queensland, Australia were received by the National Aquarium between March 2012 and May 2013; Neobenedenia was identified on fish from most of the shipments. Infection was often subclinical, but disease was observed in two outbreaks, with surgeonfish and tangs particularly susceptible. Early signs consisted of subtle changes in behavior, reduced appetite, and brown coalescing spots on the dorsum and pectoral fins. Later signs consisted of dark coloration, intermittent flashing, clamped fins, ulcerative keratitis, lethargy, and mortalities. Praziquantel immersion was
the most effective treatment, at a dosage of 4 mg/L every four days for at least 15 doses. Outcomes were monitored using visual exams, skin scrapes, opportunistic necropsies, and fine-mesh egg traps. All systems remained on treatment until the fish were moved to exhibit (a minimum of 60 days after parasites were last seen), and all fish received freshwater dips prior to transfer. Ongoing monitoring shows no recurrence of Neobenedenia. Although the quarantine cost was high, the potential cost of managing Neobenedenia on exhibit would have been higher. Quarantine protocols for incoming Indo-Pacific fish now include praziquantel immersion on arrival (5 mg/L for 2 hr after acclimation), copper sulfate (0.18-0.20 mg/L for 21 d), with praziquantel (4 mg/L q 4 d for 8 tx) starting during copper therapy, and freshwater dips prior to transfer.
Proudly powered by Weebly
  • Home
  • Free Content
    • Morale Boosters
    • NextGEM >
      • NextGEM 2018 Presentations
    • Disaster Preparedness
    • Lake Victoria Videos and eBooks
    • IMLS - Zoo Elephant Welfare Study Findings
    • Conference Abstracts >
      • The Animal Behavior Management Alliance (ABMA) >
        • ABMA 2011 >
          • ABMA 2011 Avalanche Rescue Dog
          • ABMA 2011 Keynote Dr. Mellen Abstract
          • ABMA 2011 Monday Abstracts
          • ABMA 2011 Tuesday Abstracts
          • ABMA 2011 Thursday Abstracts
          • ABMA 2011 Workshops Abstracts
        • ABMA 2012 >
          • ABMA 2012 Keynote Hal Markowitz Abstract
          • ABMA 2012 Monday Abstracts
          • ABMA 2012 Wednesday Abstrats
          • ABMA 2012 Friday Abstracts
          • ABMA 2012 Measuring Enrichment Efficacy Abstract
          • ABMA 2012 Training Safety Workshop Abstract
          • ABMA 2012 Special Presentation Abstract
        • ABMA 2013 >
          • ABMA 2013 Keynote Dr. Ian Sterling Abstract
          • ABMA 2013 Monday Abstracts
          • ABMA 2013 Wednesday Abstracts
          • ABMA 2013 Friday Abstracts
          • ABMA 2013 Special Presentations Abstracts
          • ABMA 2013 Research and Evaluation Workshop Abstract
        • ABMA 2014 >
          • ABMA 2014 Monday Abstracts
          • ABMA 2014 Wednesday Abstracts
          • ABMA 2014 Thursday Abstracts
          • ABMA 2014 Friday Abstracts
        • ABMA 2015 >
          • ABMA 2015 Keynote Ken Ramirez Abstract
          • ABMA 2015 Abstracts Tuesday
          • ABMA 2015 Abstracts Thursday
          • ABMA 2015 Abstracts Saturday
          • ABMA 2015 Special Presentations Abstracts
        • ABMA 2016 >
          • ABMA 2016 Abstracts Monday
          • ABMA 2016 Abstracts Wednesday
          • ABMA 2016 Abstracts Friday
          • ABMA 2016 Special Presentations Abstracts
        • ABMA 2017 >
          • ABMA 2017 Keynote Megan Parker Abstract
          • ABMA 2017 Abstracts Monday
          • ABMA 2017 Abstracts Wednesday
          • ABMA 2017 Abstracts Friday
          • ABMA 2017 Enrichment Workshop Abstract
          • ABMA 2017 Shape of Enrichment Abstract
        • ABMA 2018 >
          • ABMA 2018 Keynote Abstracts Gary Wilson and Thad Lacinak
          • ABMA 2018 Monday Abstracts
          • ABMA 2018 Wednesday Abstracts
          • ABMA 2018 Friday Abstracts
          • ABMA 2018 Research and Evaluation Workshop Abstract
          • ABMA 2018 Special Presentations and Advanced Training Abstracts
        • ABMA 2019 >
          • ABMA 2019 Keynote Kate Webb
          • ABMA 2019 Monday Abstracts
          • ABMA 2019 Wednesday Abstracts
          • ABMA 2019 Friday Abstracts
          • ABMA 2019 Research and Evaluation Workshop Abstract
          • ABMA 2019 Special Presentations and Advanced Abstracts Training
          • ABMA 2019 Panel Discussion - Hot Topics Abstract
        • ABMA 2021 >
          • ABMA 2021 Thursday Abstracts
          • ABMA 2021 Friday Abstracts
          • ABMA 2021 Saturday Abstracts
        • ABMA 2022 >
          • ABMA 2022 Tuesday Abstracts
          • ABMA 2022 Wednesday Abstracts
          • ABMA 2022 Thursday Abstracts
          • ABMA 2022 Friday Abstracts
      • International Conference on Environmental Enrichment (ICEE) >
        • ICEE 2011 >
          • ICEE 2011 Keynote Dr. Joy Mench Abstract
          • ICEE 2011 Invited Workshop Dr. Cheryl Meehan Abstract
          • ICEE 2011 Talks Invited Abstracts
          • ICEE 2011 Talks General Session 1 Abstracts
          • ICEE 2011 Talks General Session 2 Abstracts
          • ICEE 2011 Talks General Session 3 Abstracts
          • ICEE 2011 Talks General Session 4 Abstracts
          • ICEE 2011 Talks General Session 5 Abstracts
          • ICEE 2011 Talks General Session 6 Abstracts
          • ICEE 2011 Talks General Session 7 Abstracts
          • ICEE 2011 Talks General Session 8 Abstracts
          • ICEE 2011 Talks General Session 9 Abstracts
          • ICEE 2011 Talks General Session 10 Abstracts
          • ICEE 2011 Symposia Personality and Behavioral Husbandry Abstracts
          • ICEE 2011 Symposia Building enriched environments through design collaboration Abstracts
      • Regional Aquatics Workshop (RAW) >
        • The Best of RAW
        • RAW 2012 >
          • RAW 2012 Training Abstracts
          • RAW 2012 Water Quality and Filtration Abstracts
          • RAW 2012 Propagation Abstracts
          • RAW 2012 Freshwater Abstracts
          • RAW 2012 Aquarium and Population Management Abstracts
          • RAW 2012 Crustacean Health Abstracts
          • RAW 2012 Elasmobranchs Abstracts
          • RAW 2012 Collection, Transport, and Acclimation Abstracts
          • RAW 2012 Conservation Abstracts
          • RAW 2012 Exhibits and Animal Health Abstracts
        • RAW 2013 >
          • RAW 2013 Conservation Abstracts
          • RAW 2013 Animal Management and Training Abstracts
          • RAW 2013 Animal Health Abstracts
          • RAW 2013 Natural Disaster Preparation and Recovery Abstracts
          • RAW 2013 Exhibitry Abstracts
          • RAW 2013 Propagation Abstracts
          • RAW 2013 Live Collection Management Abstracts
          • RAW 2013 Professional Development and Aquarist Training Abstracts
        • RAW 2014 >
          • RAW 2014 Tuesday Abstracts
          • RAW 2014 Wednesday Abstracts
          • RAW 2014 Thursday Abstracts
          • RAW 2014 Friday Abstracts
        • RAW 2015 >
          • RAW 2015 New Projects and Exhibits Abstracts
          • RAW 2015 Training and Enrichment Abstracts
          • RAW 2015 Elasmobranch Husbandry Abstracts
          • RAW 2015 Husbandry Abstracts
          • RAW 2015 Propagation Abstracts
          • RAW 2015 LSS and WQ Abstracts
          • RAW 2015 Animal Health Abstracts
          • RAW 2015 Conservation & Research Abstracts
          • RAW 2015 The End! Abstracts
        • RAW 2016 >
          • RAW 2016 Sharks / Sand Tiger Shark Round Table Abstracts
          • RAW 2016 Husbandry Abstracts
          • RAW 2016 Conservation and Propagation Abstracts
          • RAW 2016 Animal Transport Abstracts
          • RAW 2016 LSS and Quarantine Abstracts
          • RAW 2016 Exhibit Design and Lighting Abstracts
          • RAW 2016 Training and Enrichment Abstracts
        • RAW 2017 >
          • RAW 2017 Research and Conservation Abstracts
          • RAW 2017 Culturing Abstracts
          • RAW 2017 Husbandry Abstracts
          • RAW 2017 Personnel, LSS, and Exhibits Abstracts
          • RAW 2017 Medical Abstracts
          • RAW 2017 AZA SAFE Speakers
        • RAW 2018 >
          • RAW 2018 Coral Conservation & Partnerships Abstracts
          • RAW 2018 Shark Conservation & Partnerships Abstracts
          • RAW 2018 Conservation & Partnerships Abstracts
          • RAW 2018 Guest Programs Abstracts
          • RAW 2018 Workforce Development Abstracts
          • RAW 2018 Animal Behavior Abstracts
          • RAW 2018 Veterinary Care, Nutrition & Animal Handling Abstracts
          • RAW 2018 Life Support & Water Quality Abstracts
        • RAW 2019 >
          • RAW 2019 Opening Presentation Abstracts
          • RAW 2019 Freshwater Mussel Abstracts
          • RAW 2019 Advances in Invertebrate Husbandry Abstracts
          • RAW 2019 Advances in Marine Fish Husbandry Abstracts
          • RAW 2019 Elasmobranch Abstracts
          • RAW 2019 Collection Sustainability Abstracts
          • RAW 2019 Coral Culture Abstracts
          • RAW 2019 LSS & Exhibitry Abstracts
          • RAW 2019 Animal Welfare Abstracts
          • RAW 2019 Animal Health Abstracts
          • RAW 2019 Aquatic Animal Welfare Discussion Abstract
          • RAW 2019 Taxon Advisory Groups (TAG) Abstract
        • RAW 2022 >
          • RAW 2022 Health Management Abstracts
          • RAW 2022 Husbandry Techniques Abstracts
          • RAW 2022 Welfare General Session Abstracts
          • RAW 2022 Diversity, Equity, Access and Inclusivity Abstracts
          • RAW 2022 Corals Abstracts
          • RAW 2022 Conservation Abstracts
          • RAW 2022 Morning Buzz Abstracts
          • RAW 2022 Husbandry Techniques 2 Abstracts
          • RAW 2022 Sustainable Collections Abstracts
      • International Elasmobranch Husbandry Symposium (IEHS) >
        • IEHS 2013 >
          • IEHS 2013 Sustainability Abstracts
          • IEHS 2013 Health Abstracts
          • IEHS 2013 Husbandry Abstracts
          • IEHS 2013 Husbandry II Abstracts
      • Aquality >
        • Aquality 2014 >
          • Aquality II 2014 Supply and Pre-Treatment Abstracts
          • Aquality II 2014 Chemical and Ultraviolet Abstracts
          • Aquality II 2014 Ozone and Fractionation Abstracts
          • Aquality II 2014 Mechanical Filtration Abstracts
          • Aquality II 2014 Biological Filtration Abstracts
          • Aquality II 2014 Marine Mammals and Friends Abstracts
          • Aquality II 2014 Nutrient Control Abstracts
          • Aquality II 2014 Denitrification Abstracts
          • Aquality II 2014 Corals and Jellies LSS Abstracts
          • Aquality II 2014 Microbiology in LSS Abstracts
          • Aquality II 2014 Quantification Abstracts
          • Aquality II 2014 Troubleshooting Abstracts
      • Aquatic Animal Life Support Operators (AALSO) >
        • AALSO 2015 >
          • AALSO 2015 Host Facility Spotlights Abstracts
          • AALSO 2015 Short Facility Updates Abstracts
          • AALSO 2015 Water Quality & Chemistry Abstracts
          • AALSO 2015 Sponsored Facility Updates Abstracts
          • AALSO 2015 Symposium Theme Abstracts
          • AALSO 2015 Dirty Laundry Abstracts
        • AALSO 2016 >
          • AALSO 2016 Dirty Laundry Abstracts
          • AALSO 2016 Water Quality/Chemistry Abstracts
          • AALSO 2016 Symposium Theme - Species Specific Abstracts
          • AALSO 2016 Dive Operations & Green Initiatives Abstracts
        • AALSO 2017 >
          • AALSO 2017 Monday Abstracts
          • AALSO 2017 Tuesday Abstracts
          • AALSO 2017 Wednesday Abstracts
        • AALSO 2018 >
          • AALSO 2018 Abstracts Monday
          • AALSO 2018 Abstracts Tuesday
          • AALSO 2018 Abstracts Wednesday
        • AALSO 2019 >
          • AALSO 2019 Dirty Laundry Abstracts
          • AALSO 2019 Water Quality & Chemistry Abstracts
          • AALSO 2019 Program Management Series Abstracts
          • AALSO 2019 New Innovations Series Abstracts
          • AALSO 2019 Making It Work Series Abstracts
      • International Aquarium Congress (IAC) >
        • IAC 2016 >
          • IAC 2016 Keynote Abstracts
          • IAC 2016 Fish Husbandry Abstracts
          • IAC 2016 TAXA Champions Abstracts
          • IAC 2016 Elasmonbranch Conservation Abstracts
          • IAC 2016 Mammal and Turtle Conservation Abstracts
          • IAC 2016 Aquatic Diseases Abstracts
          • IAC 2016 Coral Conservation Abstracts
          • IAC 2016 Life Support Operations Abstracts
          • IAC 2016 Field Conservation Abstracts
          • IAC 2016 Fish Conservation and Propagation Abstracts
          • IAC 2016 New Aquariums and Exhibits Abstracts
          • IAC 2016 Sustainable Seafood Movement Abstracts
          • IAC 2016 Conservation Education Abstracts
          • IAC 2016 Traveling and Temporary Exhibits Abstracts
          • IAC 2016 Business Operations Abstracts
          • IAC 2016 Aquarium Education Abstracts
          • IAC 2016 Public Outreach Abstracts
          • IAC 2016 Conservation Outreach Abstracts
      • International Seadragon Husbandry Symposium (ISHS) >
        • ISHS 2016 >
          • ISHS 2016 Tuesday Abstracts
          • ISHS 2016 Wednesday Abstracts
        • ISHS 2018 >
          • ISHS 2018 Tuesday Abstracts
          • ISHS 2018 Wednesday Abstracts
      • National Wildlife Rehabilitators Association (NWRA) >
        • NWRA 2018 >
          • NWRA 2018 Keynote Abstract
          • NWRA 2018 Workshop Lecture Abstract
          • NWRA 2018 Administration Abstracts
          • NWRA 2018 Urban Wildlife Conflict Abstracts
          • NWRA 2018 Education Abstracts
          • NWRA 2018 Assorted Topics Abstracts
          • NWRA 2018 Release & Survival Abstracts
        • NWRA 2019 >
          • NWRA 2019 Keynote Abstract
          • NWRA 2019 Setting Limits Abstracts
          • NWRA 2019 Animal Welfare Plenary Abstracts
          • NWRA 2019 Working Together Abstract
          • NWRA 2019 Avian Veterinary Topics Abstracts
          • NWRA 2019 Workshop Lectures Abstracts
          • NWRA 2019 Volunteers Abstracts
          • NWRA 2019 Reptiles Abstracts
          • NWRA 2019 Disease Abstracts
          • NWRA 2019 Reuniting Abstracts
          • NWRA 2019 Post-release Abstracts
          • NWRA 2019 Avian Abstracts
          • NWRA 2019 Education Abstracts
          • NWRA 2019 Training Ambassadors Abstracts
          • NWRA 2019 Mammals I Abstracts
          • NWRA 2019 Diets & Nutrition Abstracts
          • NWRA 2019 Avian Radiographs 101 Abstract
        • NWRA 2020 >
          • NWRA 2020 Plenary Session Abstracts
          • NWRA 2020 Avian 1 Abstracts
          • NWRA 2020 Mammals 1 Abstracts
          • NWRA 2020 Data Abstracts
          • NWRA 2020 Rehabilitators and Zoos Roundtable Abstract
          • NWRA 2020 Herptiles Abstracts
          • NWRA 2020 General Abstracts
          • NWRA 2020 Veterinary Abstracts
          • NWRA 2020 Waterbird Abstracts
          • NWRA 2020 Medications Abstracts
          • NWRA 2020 Oiled Wildlife & Disaster Response I Abstracts
          • NWRA 2020 Toxicity Abstracts
          • NWRA 2020 Education & Outreach Abstracts
        • NWRA 2021 >
          • NWRA 2021 Avian Abstracts
          • NWRA 2021 Herptiles Abstracts
          • NWRA 2021 Mammals Abstracts
          • NWRA 2021 Biosecurity Abstracts
          • NWRA 2021 General Rehabilitation Abstracts
          • NWRA 2021 Outreach Abstracts
          • NWRA 2021 Wildlife Medicine Abstracts
          • NWRA 2021 Veterinary Abstracts
          • NWRA 2021 Standards Panel Abstract
      • Sea Otter Conservation Workshop >
        • Sea Otter Conservation Workshop 2019 Abstracts >
          • Sea Otter 2019 Population Status Abstracts
          • Sea Otter 2019 Ecology Abstracts
          • Sea Otter 2019 Conservation Abstracts
          • Sea Otter 2019 Veterinary Abstracts
          • Sea Otter 2019 Husbandry Abstracts
          • Sea Otter 2019 Physiology Abstracts
          • Sea Otter 2019 Genetics Abstracts
          • Sea Otter 2019 General Abstracts
      • Cephalopod Symposium >
        • Cephalopod Symposium 2019 Abstracts >
          • Cephalopod 2019 Presentation Abstracts
      • ​Global Online Animal Training Summit (GOATS) Abstracts >
        • GOATS 2021 Presentations
      • Effects of Oil on Wildlife (EOW) Abstracts >
        • Effects of Oil on Wildlife (EOW) 2022 Abstracts >
          • EOW 2022 Plenary Abstracts
          • EOW 2022 New Tools Abstracts
          • EOW 2022 Training the Next Generation Abstracts
          • EOW 2022 Responder Management Abstracts
          • EOW 2022 Integrating Wildlife Into the Larger Oil Spill Response Abstracts
          • EOW 2022 Rehab, Research, and Pathology Abstracts
          • EOW 2022 Inland and Coastal Wildlife Abstracts
          • EOW 2022 Cooperative Efforts I & II Abstracts
          • EOW 2022 Peru and Galapagos Abstracts
          • EOW 2022 Offshore Wildlife Response Abstracts
          • EOW 2022 Restoration and Impact Abstracts
          • EOW 2022 Planning and Prevention Abstracts
          • EOW 2022 Lessons from recent spills I & II Abstracts
          • EOW 2022 Workshops Abstracts
          • EOW 2022 Roundtable Abstracts
    • #ChondroCensus
    • Minorities in Aquarium and Zoo Science
  • Member Content
    • The Animal Behavior Management Alliance (ABMA) >
      • ABMA 2011 >
        • ABMA 2011 Pre-Conference >
          • ABMA 2011 Avalanche Rescue Dog
        • ABMA 2011 Keynote >
          • ABMA 2011 Keynote Dr. Mellen
        • ABMA 2011 Papers >
          • ABMA 2011 Monday Papers
          • ABMA 2011 Tuesday Papers
          • ABMA 2011 Thursday Papers
        • ABMA 2011 Extended Presentations >
          • ABMA 2011 Special Presentations
        • ABMA 2011 Workshops >
          • ABMA 2011 Workshops
      • ABMA 2012 >
        • ABMA 2012 Keynote >
          • ABMA 2012 Keynote Hal Markowitz
        • ABMA 2012 Papers >
          • ABMA 2012 Monday Papers
          • ABMA 2012 Wednesday Papers
          • ABMA 2012 Friday Papers
        • ABMA 2012 Workshops >
          • ABMA 2012 Measuring Enrichment Efficacy
          • ABMA 2012 Training Safety Workshop
        • ABMA 2012 Extended Presentations >
          • ABMA 2012 Special Presentation
      • ABMA 2013 >
        • ABMA 2013 Keynote >
          • ABMA 2013 Keynote Dr. Ian Sterling
        • ABMA 2013 Papers >
          • ABMA 2013 Monday Papers
          • ABMA 2013 Wednesday Papers
          • ABMA 2013 Friday Papers
        • ABMA 2013 Extended Presentations >
          • ABMA 2013 Special Presentations
        • ABMA 2013 Workshops >
          • ABMA 2013 Research and Evaluation Workshop
      • ABMA 2014 >
        • ABMA 2014 Papers >
          • ABMA 2014 Monday Papers
          • ABMA 2014 Wednesday Papers
          • ABMA 2014 Thursday Papers
          • ABMA 2014 Friday Papers
      • ABMA 2015 >
        • ABMA 2015 Keynote >
          • ABMA 2015 Keynote Ken Ramirez
        • ABMA 2015 Papers >
          • ABMA 2015 Papers Tuesday
          • ABMA 2015 Papers Thursday
          • ABMA 2015 Papers Saturday
        • ABMA 2015 Extended Presentations >
          • ABMA 2015 Special Presentations
      • ABMA 2016 >
        • ABMA 2016 Papers >
          • ABMA 2016 Papers Monday
          • ABMA 2016 Papers Wednesday
          • ABMA 2016 Papers Friday
        • ABMA 2016 Extended Presentations >
          • ABMA 2016 Special Presentations
      • ABMA 2017 >
        • ABMA 2017 Keynote >
          • ABMA 2017 Keynote Megan Parker
        • ABMA 2017 Papers >
          • ABMA 2017 Papers Monday
          • ABMA 2017 Papers Wednesday
          • ABMA 2017 Papers Friday
        • ABMA 2017 Workshops >
          • ABMA 2017 Enrichment Workshop
          • ABMA 2017 Shape of Enrichment
      • ABMA 2018 >
        • ABMA 2018 Keynotes >
          • ABMA 2018 Keynotes Gary Wilson and Thad Lacinak
        • ABMA 2018 Papers >
          • ABMA 2018 Papers Monday
          • ABMA 2018 Papers Wednesday
          • ABMA 2018 Papers Friday
        • ABMA 2018 Workshops >
          • ABMA 2018 Research and Evaluation Workshop
        • ABMA 2018 Extended Presentations >
          • ABMA 2018 Special Presentations and Advanced Training
      • ABMA 2019 >
        • ABMA 2019 Keynote >
          • ABMA 2019 Keynote Kate Webb
        • ABMA 2019 Papers >
          • ABMA 2019 Monday Papers
          • ABMA 2019 Wednesday Papers
          • ABMA 2019 Friday Papers
        • ABMA 2019 Workshops >
          • ABMA 2019 Research and Evaluation Workshop
        • ABMA 2019 Special Presentations >
          • ABMA 2019 Special Presentations and Advanced Training
        • ABMA 2019 Panel Discussion >
          • ABMA 2019 Panel Discussion - Hot Topics
      • ABMA 2021 >
        • ABMA 2021 Thursday
        • ABMA 2021 Friday
        • ABMA 2021 Saturday
      • ABMA 2022 >
        • ABMA 2022 Tuesday
        • ABMA 2022 Wednesday
        • ABMA 2022 Thursday
        • ABMA 2022 Friday
      • IMATA ABMA 2023 >
        • IMATA ABMA 2023 Papers >
          • IMATA ABMA 2023 Monday Formal Presentations
          • IMATA ABMA 2023 Tuesday Formal Presentations
          • IMATA ABMA 2023 Wednesday Formal Presentations
          • IMATA ABMA 2023 Thursday Formal Presentations
          • IMATA ABMA 2023 Friday Formal Presentations
        • IMATA ABMA 2023 Invited Speakers
        • IMATA ABMA 2023 Panel Discussions
        • IMATA ABMA 2023 GRAZE
        • IMATA ABMA 2023 Special Presentations
      • ABMA 2024 >
        • ABMA 2024 Keynote
        • ABMA 2024 Formal Presentations Monday
        • ABMA 2024 Formal Presentations Tuesday
        • ABMA 2024 Formal Presentations Thursday
        • ABMA 2024 Formal Presentations Friday
        • ABMA 2024 Featured Speakers & Special Presentations
        • ABMA 2024 Workshops
        • ABMA 2024 Panel Discussion
      • ABMA 2025 >
        • ABMA 2025 Keynote
        • ABMA 2025 Formal Presentations Monday
        • ABMA 2025 Formal Presentations Tuesday
        • ABMA 2025 Panel Discussion
        • ABMA 2025 Formal Presentations Wednesday
        • ABMA 2025 Formal Presentations Friday
        • ABMA 2025 Workshops
    • International Conference on Environmental Enrichment (ICEE) >
      • ICEE 2011 >
        • ICEE 2011 Keynote >
          • ICEE 2011 Keynote Dr. Joy Mench
        • ICEE 2011 Invited Workshop >
          • ICEE 2011 Invited Workshop Dr. Cheryl Meehan
        • ICEE 2011 Talks >
          • ICEE 2011 Talks Invited
          • ICEE 2011 Talks General Session 1
          • ICEE 2011 Talks General Session 2
          • ICEE 2011 Talks General Session 3
          • ICEE 2011 Talks General Session 4
          • ICEE 2011 Talks General Session 5
          • ICEE 2011 Talks General Session 6
          • ICEE 2011 Talks General Session 7
          • ICEE 2011 Talks General Session 8
          • ICEE 2011 Talks General Session 9
          • ICEE 2011 Talks General Session 10
        • ICEE 2011 Symposia >
          • ICEE 2011 Symposia Personality and Behavioral Husbandry
          • ICEE 2011 Symposia Building enriched environments through design collaboration
    • Regional Aquatics Workshop (RAW) >
      • The Best of RAW >
        • Best of RAW 2012
        • Best of RAW 2013
        • Best of RAW 2014
        • Best of RAW 2015
        • Best of RAW 2016
        • Best of RAW 2017
        • Best of RAW 2018
        • Best of RAW 2019
        • Best of RAW 2022
        • Best of RAW 2023
        • Best of RAW 2024
      • RAW 2012 >
        • RAW 2012 Presentations >
          • RAW 2012 Training
          • RAW 2012 Water Quality and Filtration
          • RAW 2012 Propagation
          • RAW 2012 Freshwater
          • RAW 2012 Aquarium and Population Management
          • RAW 2012 Crustacean Health
          • RAW 2012 Elasmobranchs
          • RAW 2012 Collection, Transport, and Acclimation
          • RAW 2012 Conservation
          • RAW 2012 Exhibits and Animal Health
      • RAW 2013 >
        • RAW 2013 Presentations >
          • RAW 2013 Conservation
          • RAW 2013 Animal Management and Training
          • RAW 2013 Animal Health
          • RAW 2013 Natural Disaster Preparation and Recovery
          • RAW 2013 Exhibitry
          • RAW 2013 Propagation
          • RAW 2013 Live Collection Management
          • RAW 2013 Professional Development and Aquarist Training
      • RAW 2014 >
        • RAW 2014 Presentations >
          • RAW 2014 Tuesday
          • RAW 2014 Wednesday
          • RAW 2014 Thursday
          • RAW 2014 Friday
      • RAW 2015 >
        • RAW 2015 Presentations >
          • RAW 2015 New Projects and Exhibits
          • RAW 2015 Training and Enrichment
          • RAW 2015 Elasmobranch Husbandry
          • RAW 2015 Husbandry
          • RAW 2015 Propagation
          • RAW 2015 LSS and WQ
          • RAW 2015 Animal Health
          • RAW 2015 Conservation & Research
          • RAW 2015 The End!
      • RAW 2016 >
        • RAW 2016 Presentations >
          • RAW 2016 Sharks / Sand Tiger Shark Round Table
          • RAW 2016 Husbandry
          • RAW 2016 Conservation and Propagation
          • RAW 2016 Animal Transport
          • RAW 2016 LSS and Quarantine
          • RAW 2016 Exhibit Design and Lighting
          • RAW 2016 Training and Enrichment
      • RAW 2017 >
        • RAW 2017 Presentations >
          • RAW 2017 Research and Conservation
          • RAW 2017 Culturing
          • RAW 2017 Husbandry
          • RAW 2017 Personnel, LSS, and Exhibits
          • RAW 2017 Medical
          • RAW 2017 AZA SAFE
      • RAW 2018 >
        • RAW 2018 Presentations >
          • RAW 2018 Coral Conservation & Partnerships
          • RAW 2018 Shark Conservation & Partnerships Abstracts
          • RAW 2018 Conservation & Partnerships
          • RAW 2018 Conservation & Partnerships Panel Discussion
          • RAW 2018 Guest Programs
          • RAW 2018 Workforce Development
          • RAW 2018 Animal Behavior
          • RAW 2018 Veterinary Care, Nutrition & Animal Handling
          • RAW 2018 Life Support & Water Quality
      • RAW 2019 >
        • RAW 2019 Presentations >
          • RAW 2019 Opening Presentations
          • RAW 2019 Freshwater Mussel
          • RAW 2019 Advances in Invertebrate Husbandry
          • RAW 2019 Advances in Marine Fish Husbandry
          • RAW 2019 Elasmobranch
          • RAW 2019 Collection Sustainability
          • RAW 2019 Coral Culture
          • RAW 2019 LSS & Exhibitry
          • RAW 2019 Animal Welfare
          • RAW 2019 Animal Health
        • RAW 2019 Discussions >
          • RAW 2019 Aquatic Animal Welfare Discussion
        • RAW 2019 TAG Meetings >
          • RAW 2019 Taxon Advisory Groups (TAG)
      • RAW 2022 >
        • RAW 2022 Health Management
        • RAW 2022 Husbandry Techniques
        • RAW 2022 Welfare General Session
        • RAW 2022 Diversity, Equity, Access and Inclusivity
        • RAW 2022 Corals
        • RAW 2022 Conservation
        • RAW 2022 Morning Buzz
        • RAW 2022 Husbandry Techniques 2
        • RAW 2022 Sustainable Collections
      • RAW 2023 >
        • RAW 2023 Animal Welfare / Wellbeing & Welfare / Wellbeing Assessment
        • RAW 2023 Husbandry Techniques 1
        • RAW 2023 Freshwater Mussels
        • RAW 2023 Coral Reef Conservation
        • RAW 2023 Rescues/ Broodstock Management/Genebanking
        • RAW 2023 Land-based Nurseries and Sexual Propagation
        • RAW 2023 Conservation
        • RAW 2023 Conservation 2
        • RAW 2023 MORNING BUZZ
        • RAW 2023 Sustainable Collections
        • RAW 2023 Life Support / Knowledge Retention
        • RAW 2023 Husbandry Techniques 2
      • RAW 2024 >
        • RAW 2024 Mental Well-being
        • RAW 2024 Institutional Knowledge
        • RAW 2024 Research & Collaboration Part 1
        • RAW 2024 Research & Collaboration Part 2
        • RAW 2024 Innovation Part 1
        • RAW 2024 Innovation Part 2
        • RAW 2024 Invertebrate Session Part 1
        • RAW 2024 Invertebrate Session Part 2
        • RAW 2024 The Art of Display
        • RAW 2024 Husbandry of Aquatic Plants
        • RAW 2024 RAW Variety Pack Part 1
        • RAW 2024 RAW Variety Pack Part 2
      • RAW 2025 >
        • RAW 2025 Aquaculture Pt. 1
        • RAW 2025 Aquaculture Pt. 2
        • RAW 2025 Aquatic Herpetofauna
        • RAW 2025 Emergency Preparedness
        • RAW 2025 Back to Basics Pt. 1
        • RAW 2025 Back to Basics Pt. 2
        • RAW 2025 Innovations-Invertebrates
        • RAW 2025 Innovations-Medical
        • RAW 2025 Innovations-Reproduction
        • RAW 2025 Innovations-Welfare, Transport, Exhibit
        • RAW 2025 Innovations-Training & Enrichment
    • International Elasmobranch Husbandry Symposium (IEHS) >
      • IEHS 2013 >
        • IEHS 2013 Sustainability
        • IEHS 2013 Health
        • IEHS 2013 Husbandry
        • IEHS 2013 Husbandry II
    • Aquality >
      • Aquality II 2014 >
        • Aquality II 2014 Presentations >
          • Aquality II 2014 Supply and Pre-Treatment
          • Aquality II 2014 Chemical and Ultraviolet
          • Aquality II 2014 Ozone and Fractionation
          • Aquality II 2014 Mechanical Filtration
          • Aquality II 2014 Biological Filtration
          • Aquality II 2014 Marine Mammals and Friends
          • Aquality II 2014 Nutrient Control
          • Aquality II 2014 Denitrification
          • Aquality II 2014 Corals and Jellies LSS
          • Aquality II 2014 Microbiology in LSS
          • Aquality II 2014 Quantification
          • Aquality II 2014 Troubleshooting
    • Aquatic Animal Life Support Operators (AALSO) >
      • AALSO 2015 >
        • AALSO 2015 Host Facility Spotlights
        • AALSO 2015 Short Facility Updates
        • AALSO 2015 Water Quality & Chemistry
        • AALSO 2015 Sponsored Facility Updates
        • AALSO 2015 Symposium Theme
        • AALSO 2015 Dirty Laundry
      • AALSO 2016 >
        • AALSO 2016 Dirty Laundry
        • AALSO 2016 Water Quality/Chemistry
        • AALSO 2016 Symposium Theme - Species Specific
        • AALSO 2016 Dive Operations & Green Initiatives
      • AALSO 2017 >
        • AALSO 2017 Monday
        • AALSO 2017 Tuesday
        • AALSO 2017 Wednesday
      • AALSO 2018 >
        • AALSO 2018 Papers Monday
        • AALSO 2018 Papers Tuesday
        • AALSO 2018 Papers Wednesday
      • AALSO 2019 >
        • AALSO 2019 Dirty Laundry
        • AALSO 2019 Water Quality & Chemistry
        • AALSO 2019 Program Management Series
        • AALSO 2019 New Innovations Series
        • AALSO 2019 Making It Work Series
      • AALSO 2021 >
        • AALSO 2021 New Innovations Series
        • AALSO 2021 Water Quality & Chemistry
        • AALSO 2021 Dirty Laundry
        • AALSO 2021 Program Management Series
        • AALSO 2021 Greening Up LSS
      • AALSO 2022 >
        • AALSO 2022 New Innovations Series
        • AALSO 2022 Making It Work
        • AALSO 2022 Water Quality & Chemistry
        • AALSO 2022 Program Management Series
      • AALSO 2023 >
        • AALSO 2023 Dirty Laundry
        • AALSO 2023 Water Quality
        • AALSO 2023 Making It Work
        • AALSO 2023 LSS & Exhibits
      • AALSO 2024 >
        • AALSO 2024 Instrumentation and Equipment
        • AALSO 2024 Resource Conservation and Exhibit Innovation
        • AALSO 2024 Making it Work
        • AALSO 2024 Water Quality and Husbandry Support
        • AALSO 2024 Emergency Response Network
      • AALSO 2025 >
        • AALSO 2025 Making it Work
        • AALSO 2025 Dirty Laundry & Husbandry Support
        • AALSO 2025 Emergency Response Roundtable
        • AALSO 2025 Instrumentation & Equipment
        • AALSO 2025 Water Quality & Chemistry
        • AALSO 2025 Resource Conservation and Greening up LSS
        • AALSO 2025 Facility Updates & Renovations
    • International Aquarium Congress (IAC) >
      • IAC 2016 >
        • IAC 2016 Keynotes
        • IAC 2016 Fish Husbandry
        • IAC 2016 TAXA Champions
        • IAC 2016 Elasmonbranch Conservation
        • IAC 2016 Mammal and Turtle Conservation
        • IAC 2016 Aquatic Diseases
        • IAC 2016 Coral Conservation
        • IAC 2016 Life Support Operations
        • IAC 2016 Field Conservation
        • IAC 2016 Fish Conservation and Propagation
        • IAC 2016 New Aquariums and Exhibits
        • IAC 2016 Sustainable Seafood Movement
        • IAC 2016 Conservation Education
        • IAC 2016 Traveling and Temporary Exhibits
        • IAC 2016 Business Operations
        • IAC 2016 Aquarium Education
        • IAC 2016 Public Outreach
        • IAC 2016 Conservation Outreach
    • International Seadragon Husbandry Symposium (ISHS) >
      • ISHS 2016 >
        • ISHS 2016 Tuesday
        • ISHS 2016 Wednesday
      • ISHS 2018 >
        • ISHS 2018 Tuesday Presentations
        • ISHS 2018 Wednesday Presentations
    • National Wildlife Rehabilitators Association (NWRA) >
      • NWRA Education Tracks >
        • Avian Basics Track
        • Basics of Wildlife Rehabilitation 1 Track
        • Mammal Basics Track
        • Reptile Basics Track
      • NWRA 2018 >
        • NWRA 2018 Keynote
        • NWRA 2018 Workshop Lecture
        • NWRA 2018 Administration
        • NWRA 2018 Urban Wildlife Conflict
        • NWRA 2018 Education
        • NWRA 2018 Assorted Topics
        • NWRA 2018 Release & Survival
      • NWRA 2019 >
        • NWRA 2019 Keynote
        • NWRA 2019 Setting Limits
        • NWRA 2019 Animal Welfare Plenary
        • NWRA 2019 Working Together
        • NWRA 2019 Avian Veterinary Topics
        • NWRA 2019 Workshop Lectures
        • NWRA 2019 Volunteers
        • NWRA 2019 Reptiles
        • NWRA 2019 Disease
        • NWRA 2019 Reuniting
        • NWRA 2019 Post-release
        • NWRA 2019 Avian
        • NWRA 2019 Education
        • NWRA 2019 Training Ambassadors
        • NWRA 2019 Mammals I
        • NWRA 2019 Diets & Nutrition
        • NWRA 2019 Avian Radiographs 101
      • NWRA 2020 >
        • NWRA 2020 Plenary Session
        • NWRA 2020 Avain 1
        • NWRA 2020 Mammals 1
        • NWRA 2020 Data
        • NWRA 2020 Rehabilitators and Zoos Roundtable
        • NWRA 2020 Herptiles
        • NWRA 2020 General
        • NWRA 2020 Veterinary
        • NWRA 2020 Waterbird
        • NWRA 2020 Medications
        • NWRA 2020 Oiled Wildlife & Disaster Response I
        • NWRA 2020 Toxicity
        • NWRA 2020 Education & Outreach
      • NWRA 2021 >
        • NWRA 2021 Avian
        • NWRA 2021 Herptiles
        • NWRA 2021 Mammals
        • NWRA 2021 Biosecurity
        • NWRA 2021 General Rehabilitation
        • NWRA 2021 Outreach
        • NWRA 2021 Wildlife Medicine
        • NWRA 2021 Veterinary
        • NWRA 2021 Standards Panel
      • NWRA 2022 >
        • NWRA 2022 Avian Care & Husbandry
        • NWRA 2022 Mammal Care & Husbandry
        • NWRA 2022 Parasite & Pathogens
        • NWRA 2022 General Rehabilitation Concepts
        • NWRA 2022 Compassion Fatigue
        • NWRA 2022 Avian Medicine
        • NWRA 2022 Mammal Medicine
        • NWRA 2022 Wildlife Medicine
        • NWRA 2022 Pharmacology
        • NWRA 2022 Triage & Trauma
        • NWRA 2022 Everyday Rehabilitation
      • NWRA 2023 >
        • NWRA 2023 Plenary
        • NWRA 2023 Administration, Fundraising, & Collaboration
        • NWRA 2023 Avian Medicine
        • NWRA 2023 Avian Rehabilitation
        • NWRA 2023 Diagnostics
        • NWRA 2023 Education Ambassadors
        • NWRA 2023 First Response
        • NWRA 2023 Herptile Care
        • NWRA 2023 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza
        • NWRA 2023 Home-based & Micro-center Rehabilitation
        • NWRA 2023 Mid-sized Mammal Rehabilitation
        • NWRA 2023 Small Mammal Rehabilitation
        • NWRA 2023 Species-specific Avian Rehabilitation
        • NWRA 2023 Waterbirds
        • NWRA 2023 Wildlife Health
        • NWRA 2023 Wildlife Medicine
      • NWRA 2024 >
        • NWRA 2024 Animal Welfare
        • NWRA 2024 Avian Medicine
        • NWRA 2024 Disease
        • NWRA 2024 People and Culture
        • NWRA 2024 General Rehabilitation
        • NWRA 2024 Raptors
        • NWRA 2024 Herptiles
        • NWRA 2024 Diseases and Conditions
        • NWRA 2024 Case Studies
        • NWRA 2024 Ambassador Animals Part 1
        • NWRA 2024 Ambassador Animals Part 2
        • NWRA 2024 Mammal Rehabilitation
        • NWRA 2024 Conservation and Collaboration
        • NWRA 2024 Avian Rehabilitation
        • NWRA 2024 Lead
        • NWRA 2024 Combatting Stress
        • NWRA 2024 Post-Release
        • NWRA 2024 General Knowledge
        • NWRA 2024 Wildlife Medicine
      • NWRA 2025 >
        • NWRA 2025 People and Culture
        • NWRA 2025 Ambassadors
        • NWRA 2025 Wildlife Medicine
        • NWRA 2025 Technology and Tools
        • NWRA 2025 Avian Rehabilitation
        • NWRA 2025 Bear Rehabilitation
        • NWRA 2025 Case Discussion
        • NWRA 2025 Home Based Rehabilitation
        • NWRA 2025 Veterinary
        • NWRA 2025 Raptor Rehabilitation
        • NWRA 2025 Communication and Outreach
        • NWRA 2025 Mammals
        • NWRA 2025 Data and Research
        • NWRA 2025 Disease
        • NWRA 2025 Parasites and Pathogens
        • NWRA 2025 Disease Raptors
        • NWRA 2025 Diagnostics
        • NWRA 2025 General Rehabilitation
        • NWRA 2025 Operations
        • NWRA 2025 Nutrition
        • NWRA 2025 Wildlife Rehabilitation
    • Sea Otter Conservation Workshop >
      • Sea Otter Conservation Workshop 2019 >
        • Sea Otter 2019 Population Status
        • Sea Otter 2019 Ecology
        • Sea Otter 2019 Conservation
        • Sea Otter 2019 Veterinary
        • Sea Otter 2019 Husbandry
        • Sea Otter 2019 Physiology
      • Sea Otter Conservation Workshop XIII 2023 >
        • Sea Otter 2023 Population Status
        • Sea Otter 2023 Survey methods updates
        • Sea Otter 2023 Conservation
        • Sea Otter 2023 Otter conservation and research
        • Sea Otter 2023 Sea Otter Conservation Volume 2
        • Sea Otter 2023 Conservation and Ecology
        • Sea Otter 2023 Ecology
        • Sea Otter 2023 Physiology and Health
        • Sea Otter 2023 Conservation / Strandings / Threats
        • Sea Otter 2023 Veterinary Medicine
        • Sea Otter 2023 Diet / Genetics
      • Sea Otter Conservation Workshop 2025 >
        • Sea Otter 2025 Management
        • Sea Otter 2025 Monitoring
        • Sea Otter 2025 Ecology
        • Sea Otter 2025 Conservation
        • Sea Otter 2025 Husbandry
        • Sea Otter 2025 Reintroductions
        • Sea Otter 2025 Conservation Advocacy
        • Sea Otter 2025 Rescue Rehabilitation
        • Sea Otter 2025 Physiology
        • Sea Otter 2025 Diet
    • Cephalopod Symposium >
      • Cephalopod Symposium 2019 >
        • Cephalopod 2019 Presentations
    • ​Global Online Animal Training Summit (GOATS) >
      • GOATS 2021 Presentations
    • Minorities in Aquarium and Zoo Science (MIAZS) >
      • MIAZS
    • Effects of Oil on Wildlife (EOW) >
      • EOW 2022 >
        • EOW 2022 Plenary
        • EOW 2022 New Tools
        • EOW 2022 Training the Next Generation
        • EOW 2022 Responder Management
        • EOW 2022 Integrating Wildlife Into the Larger Oil Spill Response
        • EOW 2022 Rehab, Research, and Pathology
        • EOW 2022 Inland and Coastal Wildlife
        • EOW 2022 Cooperative Efforts I & II
        • EOW 2022 Peru and Galapagos
        • EOW 2022 Offshore Wildlife Response
        • EOW 2022 Restoration and Impact
        • EOW 2022 Planning and Prevention
        • EOW 2022 Lessons from recent spills I & II
        • EOW 2022 Workshops
        • EOW 2022 Roundtable
    • Jelly Camp >
      • Jelly Camp 2023
    • Northeast Pacific Shark Symposium >
      • NEPS 2024 Ecology
      • NEPS 2024 Management Monitoring
      • NEPS 2024 Movement Behavior
      • NEPS 2024 Species recovery Conservation
    • International Marine Animal Trainers' Association (IMATA) >
      • IMATA 2024 >
        • IMATA 2024 Keynote
        • IMATA 2024 Formal Presentations Monday
        • IMATA 2024 Formal Presentations Tuesday
        • IMATA 2024 Formal Presentations Wednesday
        • IMATA 2024 Formal Presentations Thursday
        • IMATA 2024 Panel Discussion
      • IMATA 2025 >
        • IMATA 2025 Special Event - Tim Sullivan
        • IMATA 2025 Formal Presentations Monday
        • IMATA 2025 Formal Presentations Tuesday
        • IMATA 2025 Formal Presentations Wednesday
        • IMATA 2025 Formal Presentations Thursday
        • IMATA 2025 Special Event - Will Bowen
        • IMATA 2025 Special Event - Ken Ramirez
        • IMATA 2025 Breakout Sessions
  • Kraken Curriculum
    • The Bigger Picture >
      • 50000 Foot View
      • Welfare
      • Sustainability and Collection Planning
      • Beyond Our Collections
      • Diversity Equity and Inclusion
    • Water Quality Foundations
    • Life Support
    • Medical Observations and Techniques >
      • Foundations
      • Medications and Techniques
      • Chelonians
      • Teleosts
      • Elasmobranchs
      • Invertebrates
    • Live Foods
    • Cephalopods >
      • Cephalopods General
      • Cuttlefish and Squids
      • Octopuses
      • Nautilus
      • Welfare Issues, Senescence, Behavior, and Enrichment
      • Cephalopods Additional Resources
    • Jellies >
      • Jellies Introduction and Exhibitry
      • Jelly Culturing
      • Specialized Techniques
      • Jellies Additional Resources
  • Channels
    • Precision Behavior
  • Contact
  • Search
  • Subscriptions
  • FAQs