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        • ABMA 2011 >
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      • International Elasmobranch Husbandry Symposium (IEHS) >
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      • Aquality >
        • Aquality 2014 >
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      • Aquatic Animal Life Support Operators (AALSO) >
        • AALSO 2015 >
          • AALSO 2015 Host Facility Spotlights Abstracts
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        • AALSO 2016 >
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        • AALSO 2017 >
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        • AALSO 2019 >
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      • International Aquarium Congress (IAC) >
        • IAC 2016 >
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      • International Seadragon Husbandry Symposium (ISHS) >
        • ISHS 2016 >
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        • ISHS 2018 >
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      • National Wildlife Rehabilitators Association (NWRA) >
        • NWRA 2018 >
          • NWRA 2018 Keynote Abstract
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        • NWRA 2019 >
          • NWRA 2019 Keynote Abstract
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        • NWRA 2020 >
          • NWRA 2020 Plenary Session Abstracts
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        • NWRA 2021 >
          • NWRA 2021 Avian Abstracts
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          • NWRA 2021 Standards Panel Abstract
      • Sea Otter Conservation Workshop >
        • Sea Otter Conservation Workshop 2019 Abstracts >
          • Sea Otter 2019 Population Status Abstracts
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      • Cephalopod Symposium >
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      • ​Global Online Animal Training Summit (GOATS) Abstracts >
        • GOATS 2021 Presentations
      • Effects of Oil on Wildlife (EOW) Abstracts >
        • Effects of Oil on Wildlife (EOW) 2022 Abstracts >
          • EOW 2022 Plenary Abstracts
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    • The Animal Behavior Management Alliance (ABMA) >
      • ABMA 2011 >
        • ABMA 2011 Pre-Conference >
          • ABMA 2011 Avalanche Rescue Dog
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        • ABMA 2012 Keynote >
          • ABMA 2012 Keynote Hal Markowitz
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          • ABMA 2012 Measuring Enrichment Efficacy
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      • ABMA 2013 >
        • ABMA 2013 Keynote >
          • ABMA 2013 Keynote Dr. Ian Sterling
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      • ABMA 2015 >
        • ABMA 2015 Keynote >
          • ABMA 2015 Keynote Ken Ramirez
        • ABMA 2015 Papers >
          • ABMA 2015 Papers Tuesday
          • ABMA 2015 Papers Thursday
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        • ABMA 2015 Extended Presentations >
          • ABMA 2015 Special Presentations
      • ABMA 2016 >
        • ABMA 2016 Papers >
          • ABMA 2016 Papers Monday
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        • ABMA 2016 Extended Presentations >
          • ABMA 2016 Special Presentations
      • ABMA 2017 >
        • ABMA 2017 Keynote >
          • ABMA 2017 Keynote Megan Parker
        • ABMA 2017 Papers >
          • ABMA 2017 Papers Monday
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          • ABMA 2017 Papers Friday
        • ABMA 2017 Workshops >
          • ABMA 2017 Enrichment Workshop
          • ABMA 2017 Shape of Enrichment
      • ABMA 2018 >
        • ABMA 2018 Keynotes >
          • ABMA 2018 Keynotes Gary Wilson and Thad Lacinak
        • ABMA 2018 Papers >
          • ABMA 2018 Papers Monday
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        • ABMA 2018 Workshops >
          • ABMA 2018 Research and Evaluation Workshop
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          • ABMA 2018 Special Presentations and Advanced Training
      • ABMA 2019 >
        • ABMA 2019 Keynote >
          • ABMA 2019 Keynote Kate Webb
        • ABMA 2019 Papers >
          • ABMA 2019 Monday Papers
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        • ABMA 2019 Workshops >
          • ABMA 2019 Research and Evaluation Workshop
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          • ABMA 2019 Special Presentations and Advanced Training
        • ABMA 2019 Panel Discussion >
          • ABMA 2019 Panel Discussion - Hot Topics
      • ABMA 2021 >
        • ABMA 2021 Thursday
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        • ABMA 2021 Saturday
      • ABMA 2022 >
        • ABMA 2022 Tuesday
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      • IMATA ABMA 2023 >
        • IMATA ABMA 2023 Papers >
          • IMATA ABMA 2023 Monday Formal Presentations
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    • International Conference on Environmental Enrichment (ICEE) >
      • ICEE 2011 >
        • ICEE 2011 Keynote >
          • ICEE 2011 Keynote Dr. Joy Mench
        • ICEE 2011 Invited Workshop >
          • ICEE 2011 Invited Workshop Dr. Cheryl Meehan
        • ICEE 2011 Talks >
          • ICEE 2011 Talks Invited
          • ICEE 2011 Talks General Session 1
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          • ICEE 2011 Talks General Session 3
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          • ICEE 2011 Talks General Session 7
          • ICEE 2011 Talks General Session 8
          • ICEE 2011 Talks General Session 9
          • ICEE 2011 Talks General Session 10
        • ICEE 2011 Symposia >
          • ICEE 2011 Symposia Personality and Behavioral Husbandry
          • ICEE 2011 Symposia Building enriched environments through design collaboration
    • Regional Aquatics Workshop (RAW) >
      • RAW 2012 >
        • RAW 2012 Presentations >
          • RAW 2012 Training
          • RAW 2012 Water Quality and Filtration
          • RAW 2012 Propagation
          • RAW 2012 Freshwater
          • RAW 2012 Aquarium and Population Management
          • RAW 2012 Crustacean Health
          • RAW 2012 Elasmobranchs
          • RAW 2012 Collection, Transport, and Acclimation
          • RAW 2012 Conservation
          • RAW 2012 Exhibits and Animal Health
      • RAW 2013 >
        • RAW 2013 Presentations >
          • RAW 2013 Conservation
          • RAW 2013 Animal Management and Training
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      • RAW 2014 >
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          • RAW 2014 Tuesday
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      • RAW 2015 >
        • RAW 2015 Presentations >
          • RAW 2015 New Projects and Exhibits
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          • RAW 2015 Husbandry
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          • RAW 2015 LSS and WQ
          • RAW 2015 Animal Health
          • RAW 2015 Conservation & Research
          • RAW 2015 The End!
      • RAW 2016 >
        • RAW 2016 Presentations >
          • RAW 2016 Sharks / Sand Tiger Shark Round Table
          • RAW 2016 Husbandry
          • RAW 2016 Conservation and Propagation
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          • RAW 2016 LSS and Quarantine
          • RAW 2016 Exhibit Design and Lighting
          • RAW 2016 Training and Enrichment
      • RAW 2017 >
        • RAW 2017 Presentations >
          • RAW 2017 Research and Conservation
          • RAW 2017 Culturing
          • RAW 2017 Husbandry
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          • RAW 2017 Medical
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      • RAW 2018 >
        • RAW 2018 Presentations >
          • RAW 2018 Coral Conservation & Partnerships
          • RAW 2018 Shark Conservation & Partnerships Abstracts
          • RAW 2018 Conservation & Partnerships
          • RAW 2018 Conservation & Partnerships Panel Discussion
          • RAW 2018 Guest Programs
          • RAW 2018 Workforce Development
          • RAW 2018 Animal Behavior
          • RAW 2018 Veterinary Care, Nutrition & Animal Handling
          • RAW 2018 Life Support & Water Quality
      • RAW 2019 >
        • RAW 2019 Presentations >
          • RAW 2019 Opening Presentations
          • RAW 2019 Freshwater Mussel
          • RAW 2019 Advances in Invertebrate Husbandry
          • RAW 2019 Advances in Marine Fish Husbandry
          • RAW 2019 Elasmobranch
          • RAW 2019 Collection Sustainability
          • RAW 2019 Coral Culture
          • RAW 2019 LSS & Exhibitry
          • RAW 2019 Animal Welfare
          • RAW 2019 Animal Health
        • RAW 2019 Discussions >
          • RAW 2019 Aquatic Animal Welfare Discussion
        • RAW 2019 TAG Meetings >
          • RAW 2019 Taxon Advisory Groups (TAG)
      • RAW 2022 >
        • RAW 2022 Health Management
        • RAW 2022 Husbandry Techniques
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        • RAW 2022 Diversity, Equity, Access and Inclusivity
        • RAW 2022 Corals
        • RAW 2022 Conservation
        • RAW 2022 Morning Buzz
        • RAW 2022 Husbandry Techniques 2
        • RAW 2022 Sustainable Collections
      • RAW 2023 >
        • RAW 2023 Animal Welfare / Wellbeing & Welfare / Wellbeing Assessment
        • RAW 2023 Husbandry Techniques 1
        • RAW 2023 Freshwater Mussels
        • RAW 2023 Coral Reef Conservation
        • RAW 2023 Rescues/ Broodstock Management/Genebanking
        • RAW 2023 Land-based Nurseries and Sexual Propagation
        • RAW 2023 Conservation
        • RAW 2023 Conservation 2
        • RAW 2023 MORNING BUZZ
        • RAW 2023 Sustainable Collections
        • RAW 2023 Life Support / Knowledge Retention
        • RAW 2023 Husbandry Techniques 2
    • International Elasmobranch Husbandry Symposium (IEHS) >
      • IEHS 2013 >
        • IEHS 2013 Sustainability
        • IEHS 2013 Health
        • IEHS 2013 Husbandry
        • IEHS 2013 Husbandry II
    • Aquality >
      • Aquality II 2014 >
        • Aquality II 2014 Presentations >
          • Aquality II 2014 Supply and Pre-Treatment
          • Aquality II 2014 Chemical and Ultraviolet
          • Aquality II 2014 Ozone and Fractionation
          • Aquality II 2014 Mechanical Filtration
          • Aquality II 2014 Biological Filtration
          • Aquality II 2014 Marine Mammals and Friends
          • Aquality II 2014 Nutrient Control
          • Aquality II 2014 Denitrification
          • Aquality II 2014 Corals and Jellies LSS
          • Aquality II 2014 Microbiology in LSS
          • Aquality II 2014 Quantification
          • Aquality II 2014 Troubleshooting
    • Aquatic Animal Life Support Operators (AALSO) >
      • AALSO 2015 >
        • AALSO 2015 Host Facility Spotlights
        • AALSO 2015 Short Facility Updates
        • AALSO 2015 Water Quality & Chemistry
        • AALSO 2015 Sponsored Facility Updates
        • AALSO 2015 Symposium Theme
        • AALSO 2015 Dirty Laundry
      • AALSO 2016 >
        • AALSO 2016 Dirty Laundry
        • AALSO 2016 Water Quality/Chemistry
        • AALSO 2016 Symposium Theme - Species Specific
        • AALSO 2016 Dive Operations & Green Initiatives
      • AALSO 2017 >
        • AALSO 2017 Monday
        • AALSO 2017 Tuesday
        • AALSO 2017 Wednesday
      • AALSO 2018 >
        • AALSO 2018 Papers Monday
        • AALSO 2018 Papers Tuesday
        • AALSO 2018 Papers Wednesday
      • AALSO 2019 >
        • AALSO 2019 Dirty Laundry
        • AALSO 2019 Water Quality & Chemistry
        • AALSO 2019 Program Management Series
        • AALSO 2019 New Innovations Series
        • AALSO 2019 Making It Work Series
      • AALSO 2021 >
        • AALSO 2021 New Innovations Series
        • AALSO 2021 Water Quality & Chemistry
        • AALSO 2021 Dirty Laundry
        • AALSO 2021 Program Management Series
        • AALSO 2021 Greening Up LSS
      • AALSO 2022 >
        • AALSO 2022 New Innovations Series
        • AALSO 2022 Making It Work
        • AALSO 2022 Water Quality & Chemistry
        • AALSO 2022 Program Management Series
      • AALSO 2023 >
        • AALSO 2023 Dirty Laundry
        • AALSO 2023 Water Quality
        • AALSO 2023 Making It Work
        • AALSO 2023 LSS & Exhibits
    • International Aquarium Congress (IAC) >
      • IAC 2016 >
        • IAC 2016 Keynotes
        • IAC 2016 Fish Husbandry
        • IAC 2016 TAXA Champions
        • IAC 2016 Elasmonbranch Conservation
        • IAC 2016 Mammal and Turtle Conservation
        • IAC 2016 Aquatic Diseases
        • IAC 2016 Coral Conservation
        • IAC 2016 Life Support Operations
        • IAC 2016 Field Conservation
        • IAC 2016 Fish Conservation and Propagation
        • IAC 2016 New Aquariums and Exhibits
        • IAC 2016 Sustainable Seafood Movement
        • IAC 2016 Conservation Education
        • IAC 2016 Traveling and Temporary Exhibits
        • IAC 2016 Business Operations
        • IAC 2016 Aquarium Education
        • IAC 2016 Public Outreach
        • IAC 2016 Conservation Outreach
    • International Seadragon Husbandry Symposium (ISHS) >
      • ISHS 2016 >
        • ISHS 2016 Tuesday
        • ISHS 2016 Wednesday
      • ISHS 2018 >
        • ISHS 2018 Tuesday Presentations
        • ISHS 2018 Wednesday Presentations
    • National Wildlife Rehabilitators Association (NWRA) >
      • NWRA Education Tracks >
        • Avian Basics Track
        • Basics of Wildlife Rehabilitation 1 Track
        • Mammal Basics Track
        • Reptile Basics Track
      • NWRA 2018 >
        • NWRA 2018 Keynote
        • NWRA 2018 Workshop Lecture
        • NWRA 2018 Administration
        • NWRA 2018 Urban Wildlife Conflict
        • NWRA 2018 Education
        • NWRA 2018 Assorted Topics
        • NWRA 2018 Release & Survival
      • NWRA 2019 >
        • NWRA 2019 Keynote
        • NWRA 2019 Setting Limits
        • NWRA 2019 Animal Welfare Plenary
        • NWRA 2019 Working Together
        • NWRA 2019 Avian Veterinary Topics
        • NWRA 2019 Workshop Lectures
        • NWRA 2019 Volunteers
        • NWRA 2019 Reptiles
        • NWRA 2019 Disease
        • NWRA 2019 Reuniting
        • NWRA 2019 Post-release
        • NWRA 2019 Avian
        • NWRA 2019 Education
        • NWRA 2019 Training Ambassadors
        • NWRA 2019 Mammals I
        • NWRA 2019 Diets & Nutrition
        • NWRA 2019 Avian Radiographs 101
      • NWRA 2020 >
        • NWRA 2020 Plenary Session
        • NWRA 2020 Avain 1
        • NWRA 2020 Mammals 1
        • NWRA 2020 Data
        • NWRA 2020 Rehabilitators and Zoos Roundtable
        • NWRA 2020 Herptiles
        • NWRA 2020 General
        • NWRA 2020 Veterinary
        • NWRA 2020 Waterbird
        • NWRA 2020 Medications
        • NWRA 2020 Oiled Wildlife & Disaster Response I
        • NWRA 2020 Toxicity
        • NWRA 2020 Education & Outreach
      • NWRA 2021 >
        • NWRA 2021 Avian
        • NWRA 2021 Herptiles
        • NWRA 2021 Mammals
        • NWRA 2021 Biosecurity
        • NWRA 2021 General Rehabilitation
        • NWRA 2021 Outreach
        • NWRA 2021 Wildlife Medicine
        • NWRA 2021 Veterinary
        • NWRA 2021 Standards Panel
      • NWRA 2022 >
        • NWRA 2022 Avian Care & Husbandry
        • NWRA 2022 Mammal Care & Husbandry
        • NWRA 2022 Parasite & Pathogens
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General Session 5 Abstracts 


EFFECTS OF PREDICTABILITY ON FEEDING AND AVERSIVE EVENTS IN CAPTIVE RHESUS MACAQUES (MACACA MULATTA) 

Daniel Gottlieb,
University of California at Davis




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Rhesus macaques housed indoors experience many husbandry activities on a daily basis. The anticipation of these events can lead to stress, regardless of whether the events themselves are positive or aversive. Previous research suggests that making daily events highly predictable will decrease stress and improve welfare. However, some studies have found conflicting results regarding the effects of predictability on welfare. Thus, it is imperative that we empirically test the effect of increasing predictability before implementing new practices for a given species. The specific goal of this study was to identify whether increasing the predictability of daily feeding and cleaning events could decrease stress and anxiety in captive rhesus macaques. This study was conducted on 39 subjects in four rooms at the Oregon National Primate Research Center. Current daily routines were modified to include temporal predictability, signaled predictability, or both. Temporally predictable events occurred reliably at the same time daily, while signaled predictable events were preceded by a distinct event-specific signal in the form of a doorbell. Each subject received all four conditions: unpredictable events, temporally predictable events, signaled predictable events, and temporally and signaled predictable events. The order of events was balanced using a Latin square design. Stress and anxiety under each condition were evaluated by expression of stereotypic and displacement behaviors.  Our results showed that feeding events elicited less stress and anxiety behaviors when temporally predictable. In contrast, stress behaviors did not always decrease when events were preceded by the event-specific signal, which increased stress behaviors for some events.

UTILIZATION OF A PORCH, A NOVEL ENRICHMENT DEVICE FOR RHESUS MACAQUES


​Jillann Rawlins O’Connor,
Oregon Health & Science University



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One of the challenges of providing enrichment to captive NHPs is ensuring that they are novel. Macaques and other primates can become bored with enrichment such as foraging devices, leading to a decrease in use.  One device that appears to be utilized a great deal by captive monkeys is a “porch”, a small cages hung on the outside the home cage. These porches provide monkeys with a greater field of view, and in our experience monkeys seem to spend a great deal of time sitting in them. We investigated whether porches helped to reduce undesired behaviors in 8 adult rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) with a history of feces smearing. We scored the amount of feces on the sides of the cage on a scale from 0 (no feces present) to 4 (majority of the cage covered). Observations were taken daily for 2 weeks to establish a baseline score. We then gave half of the monkeys a porch, hung on the cage continuously. The other half received a “smear tray”, a small plastic tray hung from the front of the cage, which was covered with peanut butter 3 times/week. We scored the feces smearing daily for two additional weeks. After two weeks, the treatments were reversed. Monkeys engaged in feces smearing significantly less when the porch was present compared to baseline (Wilcoxon Z=-2.52, p=0.01). There was no significant reduction with the smear board (Z=-1.40, p=0.16). The porch may be an effective part of an enrichment plan aimed at reducing behavioral problems.​
​​INVESTIGATION AND MANAGEMENT OF ON-GOING PACING IN A PAIR OF SUN BEARS (HELARCTOS MALAYANUS)
​
Margaret R. Hawkins,
Taronga Conservation Society of Australia




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The number of zoos and other facilities that continue to house their animals on bare surfaces is alarming. For more than 2000 years zoos have been keeping animals in captivity yet the picture today could be the same for the most part. Empty cages with solitary animals staring at nothing, shivering in the cold or trying to find some shade from the heat, hiding in crevices and doing whatever they can to protect their feet from the hot, cold, wet, hard concrete. Lack of stimuli often causes them to sway or pace back and forth until their feet crack from the unforgiving surface. This in turn results in them licking their wounds, which of course will only cause further problems. If the animals are lucky, they have some of their conspecifics sharing the same misery, although aggression is more likely increased due to boredom and breeding is often decreased due to lack of proper surface.  This presentation will discuss the many negative effects of lack of substrate and will point out not only the simplicity of providing deep litter but the numerous positive effects providing substrate can have on animals.
FEATHER-DAMAGING BEHAVIOUR IN CAPTIVE PARROTS: ARE SPECIES DIFFERENCES INTRINSIC, OR CAUSED BY VARIATIONS IN HUSBANDRY? 

Heather Y. McDonald Kinkaid,
University of Guelph




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Feather-damaging behaviour (FDB; in which birds chew or pluck their own feathers) is unknown in free-living parrots but common in captive parrots housed in private homes, rescue or breeding facilities, and zoos. Susceptibility to FDB is suggested – but not formally documented – to vary across species, and its cause(s) remain unconfirmed. To address these issues, we analyzed data from an extensive questionnaire run by The National Parrot Sanctuary Trust, UK, yielding information from 658 individual companion parrots representing 23 species (n≥8 birds per species). FDB prevalence (% individuals affected) varied significantly across species (G22=55.95; P<0.0001). In agreement with common assumptions about vulnerable species, (Cacatua alba) and (Eclectus roratus) were affected in great numbers (>40%) and two Amazona species were unaffected. However, FDB occurred in 50% of individuals from (Poicephalus meyeri) – a species not usually suggested as high risk. FDB prevalence was unrelated to species differences in population mean ages, sex ratios, and most aspects of husbandry (e.g., outdoor access or daily hours spent alone) (P>0.20). FDB did tend to be less prevalent in species whose main provided diets often included fresh fruits/vegetables (F1,22=3.31; P=0.08); however, this relationship appeared correlational (not causal) since individuals regularly provided with fresh foods were no less likely to exhibit FDB than conspecifics that were not (T22=-0.45; P=0.66). Perhaps the association between captive diet and FDB reflects species differences in underlying traits (e.g., natural food-handling mode) that affect what humans feed them. Further analyses will test this hypothesis and seek to identify which traits might place some species at an intrinsically high risk of FDB
ENRICHING MINK BY THE THOUSANDS: PRACTICAL ENRICHMENTS FOR SEMI-DOMESTICATED CARNIVORES ON COMMERCIAL FUR-FARMS

Kaitlin Bahlmann,
University of Guelph




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Worldwide, over 50 million mink are farmed for fur p.a. Pacing and similar stereotypies are prevalent, and pelt-biting not uncommon, in their small, barren wire-mesh cages. Collaborating with the Canada Mink Breeders Association and three Ontario farms, we are developing practical ways of enriching these cages. In 2010, diverse enrichments were supplied to 398 mink between weaning and young adulthood (398 non-enriched siblings acting as controls). Various types of ball (e.g. golf balls; wiffle balls), animal products (e.g. pigs' ears), chewable objects (e.g. sections of wood), hanging devices (e.g. suspended lengths of garden hose) and tunnels were all screened for apparent use by mink; longevity; cleanliness; and their impressions to farmers. Some welfare data were also collected. Stereotypies were too infrequent for comparison, but enriched mink showed a trend to less pelt-chewing (2.1% cf. 4.6%; Fishers p=0.072). In novel object tests for temperament, enriched mink were less aggressive than their non-enriched siblings (chi-squared=13.64, p=0.0002), and non-significantly less prone to screaming when handled (1.3% cf. 3.1%). Many enrichments proved impractical (disintegrating quickly, accumulating faeces, and/or tending to fall out of the cage). In contrast, golf balls, plastic wiffle balls, and suspended lengths of garden hose were judged potentially practical and effective. From July 2011 these will therefore be supplied to 1200 weaned mink (with 1200 non-enriched siblings as controls, in the largest mammalian enrichment study ever conducted), to evaluate their effects on stereotypies, pelt-chewing, endocrine stress, temperament, handleability and productivity (feed consumption, pelt quality; breeding success).​
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