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      • Aquatic Animal Life Support Operators (AALSO) >
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      • International Aquarium Congress (IAC) >
        • IAC 2016 >
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      • International Seadragon Husbandry Symposium (ISHS) >
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      • National Wildlife Rehabilitators Association (NWRA) >
        • NWRA 2018 >
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        • NWRA 2019 >
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        • NWRA 2020 >
          • NWRA 2020 Plenary Session Abstracts
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        • NWRA 2021 >
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      • Sea Otter Conservation Workshop >
        • Sea Otter Conservation Workshop 2019 Abstracts >
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    • The Animal Behavior Management Alliance (ABMA) >
      • ABMA 2011 >
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      • ABMA 2015 >
        • ABMA 2015 Keynote >
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      • ABMA 2016 >
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      • ABMA 2017 >
        • ABMA 2017 Keynote >
          • ABMA 2017 Keynote Megan Parker
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          • ABMA 2017 Enrichment Workshop
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      • ABMA 2018 >
        • ABMA 2018 Keynotes >
          • ABMA 2018 Keynotes Gary Wilson and Thad Lacinak
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      • ABMA 2019 >
        • ABMA 2019 Keynote >
          • ABMA 2019 Keynote Kate Webb
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          • ABMA 2019 Panel Discussion - Hot Topics
      • ABMA 2021 >
        • ABMA 2021 Thursday
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      • ABMA 2022 >
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      • IMATA ABMA 2023 >
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    • International Conference on Environmental Enrichment (ICEE) >
      • ICEE 2011 >
        • ICEE 2011 Keynote >
          • ICEE 2011 Keynote Dr. Joy Mench
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          • ICEE 2011 Invited Workshop Dr. Cheryl Meehan
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        • ICEE 2011 Symposia >
          • ICEE 2011 Symposia Personality and Behavioral Husbandry
          • ICEE 2011 Symposia Building enriched environments through design collaboration
    • Regional Aquatics Workshop (RAW) >
      • RAW 2012 >
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          • RAW 2012 Training
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      • RAW 2013 >
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          • RAW 2013 Conservation
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      • RAW 2014 >
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      • RAW 2016 >
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      • RAW 2017 >
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      • RAW 2018 >
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      • RAW 2019 >
        • RAW 2019 Presentations >
          • RAW 2019 Opening Presentations
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          • RAW 2019 Advances in Invertebrate Husbandry
          • RAW 2019 Advances in Marine Fish Husbandry
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          • RAW 2019 Animal Welfare
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        • RAW 2019 Discussions >
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          • RAW 2019 Taxon Advisory Groups (TAG)
      • RAW 2022 >
        • RAW 2022 Health Management
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        • RAW 2022 Sustainable Collections
    • International Elasmobranch Husbandry Symposium (IEHS) >
      • IEHS 2013 >
        • IEHS 2013 Sustainability
        • IEHS 2013 Health
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        • IEHS 2013 Husbandry II
    • Aquality >
      • Aquality II 2014 >
        • Aquality II 2014 Presentations >
          • Aquality II 2014 Supply and Pre-Treatment
          • Aquality II 2014 Chemical and Ultraviolet
          • Aquality II 2014 Ozone and Fractionation
          • Aquality II 2014 Mechanical Filtration
          • Aquality II 2014 Biological Filtration
          • Aquality II 2014 Marine Mammals and Friends
          • Aquality II 2014 Nutrient Control
          • Aquality II 2014 Denitrification
          • Aquality II 2014 Corals and Jellies LSS
          • Aquality II 2014 Microbiology in LSS
          • Aquality II 2014 Quantification
          • Aquality II 2014 Troubleshooting
    • Aquatic Animal Life Support Operators (AALSO) >
      • AALSO 2015 >
        • AALSO 2015 Host Facility Spotlights
        • AALSO 2015 Short Facility Updates
        • AALSO 2015 Water Quality & Chemistry
        • AALSO 2015 Sponsored Facility Updates
        • AALSO 2015 Symposium Theme
        • AALSO 2015 Dirty Laundry
      • AALSO 2016 >
        • AALSO 2016 Dirty Laundry
        • AALSO 2016 Water Quality/Chemistry
        • AALSO 2016 Symposium Theme - Species Specific
        • AALSO 2016 Dive Operations & Green Initiatives
      • AALSO 2017 >
        • AALSO 2017 Monday
        • AALSO 2017 Tuesday
        • AALSO 2017 Wednesday
      • AALSO 2018 >
        • AALSO 2018 Papers Monday
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      • AALSO 2019 >
        • AALSO 2019 Dirty Laundry
        • AALSO 2019 Water Quality & Chemistry
        • AALSO 2019 Program Management Series
        • AALSO 2019 New Innovations Series
        • AALSO 2019 Making It Work Series
      • AALSO 2021 >
        • AALSO 2021 New Innovations Series
        • AALSO 2021 Water Quality & Chemistry
        • AALSO 2021 Dirty Laundry
        • AALSO 2021 Program Management Series
        • AALSO 2021 Greening Up LSS
      • AALSO 2022 >
        • AALSO 2022 New Innovations Series
        • AALSO 2022 Making It Work
        • AALSO 2022 Water Quality & Chemistry
        • AALSO 2022 Program Management Series
    • International Aquarium Congress (IAC) >
      • IAC 2016 >
        • IAC 2016 Keynotes
        • IAC 2016 Fish Husbandry
        • IAC 2016 TAXA Champions
        • IAC 2016 Elasmonbranch Conservation
        • IAC 2016 Mammal and Turtle Conservation
        • IAC 2016 Aquatic Diseases
        • IAC 2016 Coral Conservation
        • IAC 2016 Life Support Operations
        • IAC 2016 Field Conservation
        • IAC 2016 Fish Conservation and Propagation
        • IAC 2016 New Aquariums and Exhibits
        • IAC 2016 Sustainable Seafood Movement
        • IAC 2016 Conservation Education
        • IAC 2016 Traveling and Temporary Exhibits
        • IAC 2016 Business Operations
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        • IAC 2016 Public Outreach
        • IAC 2016 Conservation Outreach
    • International Seadragon Husbandry Symposium (ISHS) >
      • ISHS 2016 >
        • ISHS 2016 Tuesday
        • ISHS 2016 Wednesday
      • ISHS 2018 >
        • ISHS 2018 Tuesday Presentations
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    • National Wildlife Rehabilitators Association (NWRA) >
      • NWRA Education Tracks >
        • Avian Basics Track
        • Basics of Wildlife Rehabilitation 1 Track
        • Mammal Basics Track
      • NWRA 2018 >
        • NWRA 2018 Keynote
        • NWRA 2018 Workshop Lecture
        • NWRA 2018 Administration
        • NWRA 2018 Urban Wildlife Conflict
        • NWRA 2018 Education
        • NWRA 2018 Assorted Topics
        • NWRA 2018 Release & Survival
      • NWRA 2019 >
        • NWRA 2019 Keynote
        • NWRA 2019 Setting Limits
        • NWRA 2019 Animal Welfare Plenary
        • NWRA 2019 Working Together
        • NWRA 2019 Avian Veterinary Topics
        • NWRA 2019 Workshop Lectures
        • NWRA 2019 Volunteers
        • NWRA 2019 Reptiles
        • NWRA 2019 Disease
        • NWRA 2019 Reuniting
        • NWRA 2019 Post-release
        • NWRA 2019 Avian
        • NWRA 2019 Education
        • NWRA 2019 Training Ambassadors
        • NWRA 2019 Mammals I
        • NWRA 2019 Diets & Nutrition
        • NWRA 2019 Avian Radiographs 101
      • NWRA 2020 >
        • NWRA 2020 Plenary Session
        • NWRA 2020 Avain 1
        • NWRA 2020 Mammals 1
        • NWRA 2020 Data
        • NWRA 2020 Rehabilitators and Zoos Roundtable
        • NWRA 2020 Herptiles
        • NWRA 2020 General
        • NWRA 2020 Veterinary
        • NWRA 2020 Waterbird
        • NWRA 2020 Medications
        • NWRA 2020 Oiled Wildlife & Disaster Response I
        • NWRA 2020 Toxicity
        • NWRA 2020 Education & Outreach
      • NWRA 2021 >
        • NWRA 2021 Avian
        • NWRA 2021 Herptiles
        • NWRA 2021 Mammals
        • NWRA 2021 Biosecurity
        • NWRA 2021 General Rehabilitation
        • NWRA 2021 Outreach
        • NWRA 2021 Wildlife Medicine
        • NWRA 2021 Veterinary
        • NWRA 2021 Standards Panel
      • NWRA 2022 >
        • NWRA 2022 Avian Care & Husbandry
        • NWRA 2022 Mammal Care & Husbandry
        • NWRA 2022 Parasite & Pathogens
        • NWRA 2022 General Rehabilitation Concepts
        • NWRA 2022 Compassion Fatigue
        • NWRA 2022 Avian Medicine
        • NWRA 2022 Mammal Medicine
        • NWRA 2022 Wildlife Medicine
        • NWRA 2022 Pharmacology
        • NWRA 2022 Triage & Trauma
        • NWRA 2022 Everyday Rehabilitation
        • NWRA 2022 Loons
      • NWRA 2023 >
        • NWRA 2023 Plenary
        • NWRA 2023 Administration, Fundraising, & Collaboration
        • NWRA 2023 Avian Medicine
        • NWRA 2023 Avian Rehabilitation
        • NWRA 2023 Diagnostics
        • NWRA 2023 Education Ambassadors
        • NWRA 2023 First Response
        • NWRA 2023 Herptile Care
        • NWRA 2023 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza
        • NWRA 2023 Home-based & Micro-center Rehabilitation
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Propagation Abstracts


Project Coral - Captive broadcast coral reproductive research at the Horniman Museum & Gardens

Michelle Davis,
​The Horniman Museum & Gardens



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In 2013 the Horniman Museum & Gardens became the first institution globally to predictably and purposefully induce broadcast coral spawning events in captivity. Reacting to this achievement the museum official founded Project Coral, an umbrella, multiyear coral reproductive research project with two broad aims.

• To understand how climate change affects the ability of broadcast corals to reproduce.
• To develop techniques to enable the sexual reproduction of corals in captivity to facilitate the sustainable aquaculture of coral.


Utilising two microprocessor controlled coral research systems at the museum a number of experiments, in collaboration with our partners are being conducted. Each experiment is / will focus on a specific area of coral reproduction and will contribute significantly to our understanding of the larger aims of Project Coral. In the initial stages protocols will be developed to reliably induce spawning events. These will then provide the foundations for more direct environmentally relevant research investigating the impacts of climate change on broadcast and brooding coral reproduction and our understanding of coral reef resilience.
Mating, birth, larval development and settlement of Bargibant’s pygmy seahorse, Hippocampus bargibanti (Whitley, 1970),
​in aquaria


Matt Wandell and Richard Ross,
California Academy of Sciences



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Pygmy seahorses are among the most charismatic inhabitants of coral reefs.  Their diminutive size, impressive coloration and rarity make them attractive to recreational divers, underwater photographers and videographers. However, very little is known about their life history and ecology due to their relatively recent discovery and the difficulty of studying them in the wild. In May of 2014, Steinhart staff successfully collected a mated adult pair of Hippocampus bargibanti (Whitley, 1970) from the Anilao region of the Philippines. These were subsequently transported to Steinhart Aquarium, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco in order to conduct research on their husbandry and life-history. The pair of seahorses mated in their aquarium and gave birth to three broods of larvae. A portion of these were raised through settlement to a maximum of 120 days from birth. This presentation will describe the collection, transport, and husbandry of the adult seahorses, as well as larval husbandry, process of host coral selection, settlement, and associated color change of juveniles. The results of this study mark the first time that a pygmy seahorse species has been bred and reared in captivity, offering opportunities to study brood size, gestation period, growth rate, host selection and settlement.  Despite our successes, we were unable to raise the juveniles beyond 22.2 mm SL, which was 73% of the maximum size of the adults collected (30.5 mm SL), indicating a need for additional study of their feeding and nutritional requirements post-settlement. ​


The New Seadragon Propagation Program at the Birch Aquarium at Scripps

Leslee Matsushige,
Birch Aquarium at Scripps


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The Birch Aquarium at Scripps has a long history of working with seahorses and other syngnathids since 1994.  These charismatic animals have become important ambassadors to emphasize conservation of fragile marine habitats. The popularity of weedy and leafy sea dragons in aquariums prompted us to initiate a propagation program for sea dragons in 2013. Our sea dragon propagation program involves many aspects to ultimately attain success. These are the questions we asked ourselves: What would be an appropriate sea dragon propagation space?  What type of life support would we need? What should the proper nutrition and feeding regime be? How will we be able to observe behaviors?  Would our visitors have access to see these sea dragons? What about possible inbreeding? These questions and more will be discussed. How we moved forward and the current developments with our sea dragon propagation program will be presented. ​

​Alternative Methods in
​Strobilating Aurelia aurita


Josh Wagner,
Aquarium of the Pacific



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Strobilation is the metamorphosis from schyphistoma to strobila in schyphozoan jellyfish.  In nature this is induced by abiotic factors such as fluctuations in temperature, pH, and salinity.  In a controlled setting, changing temperature is the most common method for inducing strobilation.  This, however, may not always work.  Lugol's solution which is a combination of elemental iodine and potassium iodide has been used historically in public aquariums to strobilate schyphozoan jellies.  Recent changes in laws regarding iodine have made obtaining Lugol's solution more difficult.  I tested the effectiveness of more common forms of iodine against a drug known as 5-Methoxy-2-methylindole.  5-Methoxy-2-methylindole gave more consistent results by strobilating polyps of Aurelia aurita due to its structural similarity to the protein CL390 which is thought to be a strobilation inducer in that species.​

​The Frugal Rotifer Reactor:  Raising Rotifers on a Budget

Mako Fukuwa and Chris Okamoto,
​Cabrillo Marine Aquarium


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Brachionus plicatilis (or L Type Rotifers) are commonly used as live foods for corals, sea jellies and hatchling fish.  Keeping a large culture going for any length of time is often a challenging experience.  Over the years the Cabrillo Marine Aquarium has gone through many trials and tribulations while raising rotifers and hope to share some techniques that will save you time and money.  We can reliably expect to harvest approximately 30 million rotifers for a paltry $1.25 per day using yeast as a main food source and supplemented with algae paste.   Looking for a smaller alternative to a large rotifer reactor?  We will also share with you our 70 liter DIY rotifer reactor build.​
Bigfin reef squid (Sepioteuthis lessoniana) display and culture
​through multiple generations


Bret Grasse,
Monterey Bay Aquarium


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In the aquarium industry, displaying cephalopod species can be both challenging and rewarding.  Some cephalopod species are more suited for captive conditions than others because of their biological and environmental requirements.  Squid display can be particularly challenging due to their short life span, high metabolism, cannibalistic tendencies, and paralarval sensitivity in culture.  Although most squid species have been problematic to culture and keep in captivity, bigfin reef squid (Sepioteuthis lessoniana) are an exception. Here we examine enclosure design, egg care, feeding strategies, and shipping considerations for successful bigfin reef squid display and culture through multiple generations.​
“Are You My Daddy?”:
​A Closer Look at Parthenogenesis and Artificial Insemination in Zebra Sharks (Stegostoma fasciatum)


Lisa Larkin,
​Aquarium of the Pacific


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For the last three years, the Aquarium of the Pacific, in Long Beach, CA has been raising zebra shark pups (Stegostoma fasciatum). Although there is one sexually mature male at the facility, genetic testing has revealed that all pups are the result of parthenogenesis.  Since parthenogenesis decreases genetic diversity in captive populations, the vet staff at the Aquarium of the Pacific, led by Dr. Lance Adams, developed a technique to artificially inseminate zebra sharks. This procedure successfully produced two healthy zebra shark pups.  During this presentation, I will discuss the different environments/exhibits in which parthenogenesis has occurred. In addition, I will present data collected from eggs, unborn neonates, and pups, as well as suspected genetic deformities found in nine parthenogenetic pups. Lastly, I will describe physical differences between parthenogenetic pups and artificially inseminated pups.

The First Successful Captive Breeding
of Common Shovelnose Rays
(Glaucostegus typus)


Josh Frey Sr. & Kari McKeehan,
​Downtown Aquarium Houston


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The Common Shovelnose Ray, Glaucostegus typus, is a species of guitarfish native to Australia and the Indo-Pacific. The species is listed as vulnerable by the IUCN due to overfishing, bycatch and habitat destruction. The Downtown Aquarium in Houston, TX houses 2.1 adult common shovelnose rays. In October 2013, the female gave birth to 11 premature stillborn pups. This represented the first documented captive breeding of the species. One year later, in October 2014, she gave birth again, this time to 17 live pups. This presentation will discuss care of the adults, the birthing event, care of the pups and future research.
The use of Assisted Reproductive Technologies in breeding programs for elasmobranchs in aquaria

Dr Robert Jones,
The Aquarium Vet,
​SEA LIFE Melbourne Aquarium


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Despite the use of assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) in terrestrial and aquatic species, very little work has been done with elasmobranchs. ARTs such as sperm collection and quality assessment, sperm cryopreservation, artificial insemination, and monitoring female reproductive condition and gestation could potentially be used to complement existing breeding programs for elasmobranchs in aquaria. As a greater emphasis is placed on self-sustaining aquarium populations, ARTs will become an increasingly important component of breeding programs for elasmobranchs in aquaria. Ongoing research at Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium, Australia, since 2004 aims to create a basis for future use of ARTs in elasmobranchs in aquaria worldwide. This is to ensure sustainable captive populations of elasmobranchs, as well as having the potential for conservation of species in the future. The achievements to date as well as future areas of research will be discussed.
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